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Psychology - G541 > Observations > Flashcards

Observations Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an unstructured observation?

A

A type of observation in which there is no predetermined behaviour to look out for - observers simply record all types of behaviours that they see.

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2
Q

What type of sampling are structured observations linked with?

A

Event sampling

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3
Q

What type of sampling is time sampling associated with?

A

Unstructured observations.

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4
Q

What is a participant observation?

A

A type of observation in which the observer joins in with subjects in the activity they are watching.

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5
Q

What is a non-participant observation?

A

A type of observation in which observers DO NOT join in with the activity they are watching.

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6
Q

What is a structured observation?

A

A type of observation in which observers have a list of pre-determined behaviours to observe/look out for.

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7
Q

What is an observation?

A

A type of research method in which researchers watch and record naturally-occurring behaviour.

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8
Q

What is an overt observation?

A

A type of observation where observers are out in the open and participants can see them.

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9
Q

What is a covert observation?

A

A type of observation where observers are hidden away so that participants cannot see them.

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10
Q

What is an advantage of covert observations?

A

Low demand characteristics/natural behaviour, as PPS are not aware they are being watched.

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11
Q

What is a disadvantage of covert observations?

A

Not very ethical.

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12
Q

What is an advantage of participant observations?

A
  • Observers can have a deeper understanding of participants’ behaviour, as they will be much closer to them.
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13
Q

What is a disadvantage of participant observations?

A
  • More demand characteristics/less natural behaviour from participants.
  • More difficult to take notes.
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14
Q

What is an advantage of structured observations?

A
  • Generates quantitative/quantifiable data which is easy to analyse, compare and display visually, using a graph for example.
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15
Q

What is a disadvantage of structured observations?

A

Observer/research bias - observers will see what they want to see, as they will expect to see certain behaviours that are on his/her checklist.

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16
Q

What is an advantage of overt observations?

A
  • More ethical
17
Q

What is a disadvantage of overt observations?

A

More demand characteristics, as participants will know they are being watched.

18
Q

What is an advantage of non-participant observations?

A
  • Easier to take notes

- Participants act more naturally

19
Q

What is a disadvantage of non-participant observations?

A

Observers gain less of an understanding of participants’ behvaiour, as they are further away.

20
Q

What is an advantage of unstructured observations?

A

More objective

21
Q

What is a disadvantage of unstructured observations?

A

Difficult to accurately record all that happens.

22
Q

How can observations be improved?

A

More than one observer
Inter-rater reliability
Intra-rater reliability

23
Q

What is time sampling?

A

A way to organise an observation where observers only watch participants for a certain amount of time at set intervals. For example, an observer might watch someone on their phone for 10 seconds every 2 minutes. However, when they are observing, they record all types of behaviour that they see.

24
Q

What is an advantage of time sampling?

A

Convienient and easy for researchers to carry out.

25
Q

What is a disadvantage of time sampling?

A

Interesting and relevant behaviour that occurs outside the intervals that observers watch, it will be missed.

26
Q

What is event sampling?

A

A type of observational technique where observers watch participants for the entire duration of the event being observed. However, observers only look out for certain types of behaviour on their (pre-determined) list of behaviours.

27
Q

What is an advantage of event sampling?

A

Researchers know exactly what type of behaviours they are looking for.

28
Q

What is a disadvantage of event sampling?

A

Behaviours that could be relevant to the investigation but aren’t on the pre-determined list will be missed.

29
Q

How can the inter-rater reliability of an observation be improved?

A
  • Trial run/pilot
  • Standardise checklist between observers
  • Multiple observers standardise operationalisation of behaviour.

Psychology - G541 (9 decks)

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