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EBM > Observational Studies > Flashcards

Observational Studies Flashcards

1
Q

What is an observational study?

A

Where we observe the effect of an exposure or intervention on an outcome without interfering with anything

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2
Q

What does observational studies look for?

A

Looks for associations not causation

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3
Q

WHy do we utilize observational studies?

A

Practical/deasible
Ethical
Real-world

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4
Q

Major challenges with observational studies?

A

Chance
Confounding
Bias

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5
Q

What are the 3 or 4 main types of observational studies?

A

Case reports
Cross sectional
Case control
Cohort

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6
Q

WHat is a case report?

A

Describes and interprets an individual case where is looks at
- unexpected events, adverse effects,

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7
Q

What are the advantages of case reports?

A

Useful in identifying new or unusual trends in disease

Useful in identifying new drug effects

Describe novel interventions

Suggest ares of further research

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8
Q

What are the disadvantages of Case reports?

A

Difficult to interpret

Cant confirm or prove anything

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9
Q

What is a case series?

A

Collection of individual reports which typically occur within a fairly short period of time

Can be hypothesis forming or world altering

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10
Q

What is a cross sectional study?

A

Looks at a population for study sample at one point in time (Picture in that moment)

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11
Q

How do cross-sectional studies collect information?

A

Surveys
Chart reviews
Administrative data

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12
Q

What type of information is collected in a cross sectional study?

A

Exposure
Outcome
Health status
Health behaviours

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13
Q

What is a usefulness of a cross sectional study?

A

Describing prevalence of a disease condition

Can be analytical

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14
Q

What are the disadvantages of a cross sectional study?

A

Number of new cases with a condition over a specific time cannot be analyzed

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15
Q

What is a case control study?

A

These are retrospective cases where we look back in time and compare 2 groups.

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16
Q

Where do we start with a case control study?

A
17
Q

What do we need to ensure when performing a case selection for case control study?

A

Needs to be very specific about the outcome since it really is the outcome we think about

18
Q

For the control selection of a case control study what do we want?

A

We want the exposed and unexposed groups to be as simialr as possible except for outcome

19
Q

What are the advantages of case control studies?

A

Good for studying rare diseases or outcomes

Relatively quick to do since outcome has happened

Good for establishing an association

20
Q

What are the disadvantages of a case control study?

A

Not randomized hence confounding

Susceptible to bias

Only suggests association and cannot prove cause and effect

21
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

groups of subjects are created and compared according to exposure

Groups followed over time to see if outcome occurs

22
Q

What is the best type of observation study to utilize for finding a valid association?

A

Cohort study

23
Q

What is a cohort prospective study?

A

We start at the start of the outcome where the outcome has not occurred

24
Q

What is a retrospective cohort study?

A

Outcome occured before study started

25
Q

What types of exposures can you study with a cohort study?

A

Any type of exposure
Drug
Procedure
Occupational
Environmental

26
Q

What are the advantages of a cohort study?

A

provides a high level of evidence for observational studies
Can study multiple outcomes after a single exposure

27
Q

disadvantages of a cohort study?

A

Susceptible to bias
Not randomized
more resource intensive

28
Q

What occurs during cohort study selection?

A

Groups should be as similar as possible

Selected from same population

Can have more than one comparator gorup

29
Q

What do we need to think about with respect to a cohort study?

A

The exposure must precede the outcome

30
Q
A

EBM (7 decks)

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