Interpreting Results

Question 1

What is mean or mean change with respect to results?

Answer 1

Generally describes a continuous outcome such as blood pressure

Question 2

What is a propotion?

Answer 2

The fraction of the total that possesses the outcome

Question 3

What is the Absolute risk reduction or absolute risk difference?

Answer 3

This is the difference between the probability of the event in the control group and probability of the event in the intervention group

Question 4

What does the ARD tell us?

Answer 4

The proportion of an event utilizing a specific treatment compared to the proportion of and event occurring in the placebo group

Question 5

What os the relative risk?

Answer 5

It shows what the risk of the outcome in the intervention group is compared to the risk in the control group

Probability of event (Intervention group)/probability of event (Control group)

Question 6

Take some time to look at how they calculated the relative risk example

Answer 6

Question 7

What circumstance can we not calculate the relative risk?

Answer 7

Cannot calculate for mean change such as BP, BMI, waist circumference

Question 8

What does a Relative risk of 1 mean?

Answer 8

No difference in risk group

Question 9

What does a relative risk of <1 mean?

Answer 9

Less risk of outcome in the intervention group

Question 10

What does a relative risk of >1 mean?

Answer 10

Higher risk of outcome in intervention group.

Question 11

What is the relative risk reduction?

Answer 11

The degree to which the baseline risk is reduced or increased by the intervention

Question 12

Take some time to review how to do these calculations

Answer 12

Question 13

What is an Odds ratio

Answer 13

Shows the odds of the outcome occurring in the intervention group compared to the control group (Double calculation required)

Question 14

Take some time to review how we calculate an odds ratio

Answer 14

Question 15

Take some time to review how we calculate an odds ratio

Answer 15

Question 16

What does an odds ratio of 1 mean?

Answer 16

No difference in odds between gorupsWa

Question 17

What does an odds ratio of less then 1 mena?

Answer 17

Less odds of outcome in intervention group

Question 18

What does an odds ratio of greater then 1 mean?

Answer 18

Higher odds of outcome in intervention group

Question 19

What is the number needed to treat?

Answer 19

THis is a vlaue where we take 100 and divide it by the number needed to treat.

Question 20

What does the NNT tell us?

Answer 20

Tells us the number of people that are needed to treat in order to prevent a stroke in one additional person compared to the control

Question 21

What does a hazard ratio tell us 1, <1, >1?

Answer 21

No difference, less hazard of outcome in intervention group, Higher hazard of outcome in intervention group

Question 22

What is the confidence interval?

Answer 22

Range where the true effect of the intervention/treatment lies

Question 23

What does a narrower CI indicate?

Answer 23

More precises results

Question 24

For means or proportions what is the no difference threshold?

Answer 24

0

Question 25

For relative risk or odds ratio waht is the no difference threshold for CI?

Answer 25

1

Question 26

Mean and ARD associate to what threshold in CI?

Answer 26

0

Question 27

RR and OR assocaite to waht threshold in CI?

Answer 27

1

Question 28

What is a main difference between confidence interval and p value?>

Answer 28

Direction of the effect and if a difference exists

Question 29

What is somehting that CI can help distinguish between?

Answer 29

Clinical and statistical significance

Question 30

What is a superiority based study?

Answer 30

Where we want to show an intervention is better than control. attempting to establish a

Question 31

What is a non-inferiority based study?

Answer 31

We are trying to determine whether the new intervention is not substantially worse than an establised intervention

Question 32

What is the non-inferiority margin determined by?

Answer 32

This is a value that is decided based on a combination of stats reasoning and clinical judgement

Question 33

What is the propensity scores?

Answer 33

Probability that a subject would be in a particular treatment group based on their observed baseline chracterisitcs

Question 34

Why is ITT preferred?

Answer 34

It takes into consideration all people who even dropped out of the study

Question 35

What is per protocol?

Answer 35

Where it is done by the study and analyzed as designed Confounding may be an issue

Question 36

With a non inferiority trial what do we want to see?

Answer 36

Both and ITT and per-protocol and comparing them at the end

Question 37

What is key in a non inferiority trial?

Answer 37

Confidence intervals

Question 38

what do Non inferiority tests need to be compered to?

Answer 38

Need to be compared to our best possible treatment

Question 39

What is a propensity scores?

Answer 39

probability that a subject would be in a particular treatment group based on their observed baseline characteristics

Assigns a score that helps to organize each subject in the cohort for study design and analyses (Mac and PC, Propensity scores both of 0.6, and we would match them together)

It takes in alot of variables

Question 40

What is the goal of propensity scores?

Answer 40

mimic RCTs by balancing observed characteristics between study groups

Question 41

What is a adaptive clinical trial design?

Answer 41

Where a clinical trial designs allows for prospectively modifications to one or more aspects of the design based

Question 42

Review adaptive clinical trial design

Answer 42

Question 43

What should an adaptive clinical trial design include?

Answer 43

Preplanned all the interim analysis and potential modifications

Interim data analyses which can lead to operational bias