Observation

Question 1

Aim

Answer 1

concept wanting to investigate - specific

Question 2

Research question

Answer 2

must have a ?

Question 3

What are the 5 parts of an observation

Answer 3

who
what
where
when
how

Question 4

unstructured observation

Answer 4

non focused
qualitative data
range of behaviours

Question 5

structured observation

Answer 5

behavioural categories
quantitative data
coding frame

Question 6

what is a coding frame

Answer 6

a tally

Question 7

what is within a coding frame

Answer 7

behavioural categories

Question 8

advantages of structured observation

Answer 8

quantitative - helps objectivity and analysis
easy and less effort

Question 9

disadvantages of structured observation

Answer 9

coding frame may not include all behaviours (lack validity)
lacks detail

Question 10

example of structured observation

Answer 10

bandura

Question 11

advantages of unstructured observation

Answer 11

can record unexpected behaviours
more detail

Question 12

disadvantages of unstructured observation

Answer 12

more effort
subjective

Question 13

example of unstructured observation

Answer 13

zimbardo - stanford prison

Question 14

naturalistic

Answer 14

natural environment

Question 15

controlled

Answer 15

lab setting

Question 16

advantages of naturalistic

Answer 16

high ecological validity
low demand characteristics

Question 17

disadvantage of naturalistic

Answer 17

environmental EVs
hard to see and record all data

Question 18

example of naturalistic

Answer 18

piliavin

Question 19

advantages of controlled

Answer 19

easy to see and record data
less evs

Question 20

disadvantages of controlled

Answer 20

low ecological validity
demand characteristics

Question 21

examples of controlled

Answer 21

bandura
milgram

Question 22

participant observation

Answer 22

researcher involved

Question 23

non participant observation

Answer 23

researcher not involved and seperate

Question 24

+ of participant observation

Answer 24

view unlikely to be obstructed
may get insider info

Question 25

- of participant observation

Answer 25

time consuming dangerous lose objectivity (observer bias) deception

Question 26

example of participant observation

Answer 26

piliavin

Question 27

+ of non participant observation

Answer 27

less risk of observer bias less effort less risk of observer safety

Question 28

- of non participant observation

Answer 28

less control less insider info obstructed view

Question 29

example of non participant observation

Answer 29

bandura milgram

Question 30

covert vs overt

Answer 30

covert - p unaware overt - p know what’s going on

Question 31

+ of covert

Answer 31

should see natural behaviour

Question 32

- of covert

Answer 32

ethics hard to record

Question 33

examples of covert

Answer 33

piliavin bandura

Question 34

+ of overt

Answer 34

obeys ethical guidelines easy to take notes

Question 35

- of overt

Answer 35

behaviour may not be natura

Question 36

example of overt

Answer 36

milgram zimbardo

Question 37

event vs time sampling

Answer 37

event - record when behaviours occur time - record after set time intervals

Question 38

types of time sampling

Answer 38

one zero instantaneous scan predominant activity

Question 39

what is one zero sampling

Answer 39

at end of each time interval a record made of behaviour occurs (yes or no)

Question 40

instantaneous scan sampling

Answer 40

at end of each time interval a record is made of any behaviours occurring

Question 41

predominant activity sampling

Answer 41

continuous observation and estimate of what activity occurred most

Question 42

+ of event

Answer 42

don’t miss anything takes into account all behaviours good for recording infrequent behaviours

Question 43

- of event

Answer 43

can lose focus and miss things time consuming

Question 44

+ time sampling

Answer 44

can see change in behaviour over time increases concentration allows time to record data

Question 45

- of time

Answer 45

data may not be representative can miss data

Question 46

when are pie charts used

Answer 46

event sampking

Question 47

when are line graphs used

Answer 47

time sampling

Question 48

inter eater reliability

Answer 48

ensure all observers are recording what they see in same way

Question 49

how to increase reliability

Answer 49

operationalise coding frame train observers run pilot study check results large sample

Question 50

researcher bias

Answer 50

more likely to record what they expect to see

Question 51

researcher effect

Answer 51

p may change behaviour

Question 52

ways to improve validity

Answer 52

covert naturalistic independent researcher