Experiments

Question 1

What do experiments aim to find

Answer 1

cause and effect

Question 2

IV

Answer 2

variable being changed

Question 3

DV

Answer 3

variable being measured as result of IV

Question 4

What are the 2 conditions of an experiment called?

Answer 4

Experimental condition and Control condition

Question 5

What are the 3 experimental types

Answer 5

Laboratory
Field
Quasi

Question 6

Explain lab experiments

Answer 6

IV manipulated by researcher in a controlled setting away from P normal environment

Question 7

Explain field experiments

Answer 7

IV manipulated by researcher in natural settinf

Question 8

Explain quasi experiments

Answer 8

IV naturally occurring

Question 9

Advantages of lab experiments

Answer 9

Less EVs
High internal reliability (standardised)
High construct validity

Question 10

Disadvantages of lab experiments

Answer 10

Demand characteristics
Lacks ecological validity
Time consuming
Expensive

Question 11

Advantages of field experiments

Answer 11

Higher ecological validity
P will act naturally

Question 12

Disadvantages of field experiments

Answer 12

Less control
Hard to repeat exactly
EVs

Question 13

Advantages of quasi experiments

Answer 13

High ecological validity
P will act naturally
Study variables we can’t manipulate

Question 14

Disadvantages of quasi experiments

Answer 14

Less control
Low internal reliability
P variables
Hard to conduct

Question 15

What is validity

Answer 15

If research accurately measures what it intends to measure

Question 16

What’s ecological validity

Answer 16

the extent to which the study represents a real life situtaion

Question 17

What’s population validity

Answer 17

the extent to which the sample is generalisable

Question 18

What’s construct validity

Answer 18

where the test has been shown to measure what it’s supposed to be testinf

Question 19

What’s internal reliability

Answer 19

whether the procedure is standardised and replicable

Question 20

What’s external reliability

Answer 20

whether the study has enough participants to establish a consistent effect

Question 21

What are the 3 experimental designs?

Answer 21

Repeated measures
Independent measures
Matched participants

Question 22

Repeated measures

Answer 22

sample people in each condiiron

Question 23

Independent measures

Answer 23

different people in each condition

Question 24

Mather participants

Answer 24

different people in each condition but attempt to make participants as similar as possible on certain characteristics
-done by testing, pairing and splitting them

Question 25

Advantages of repeated measures

Answer 25

No participant variables Fewer p needed Easy

Question 26

Disadvantages of repeated measures

Answer 26

Time consuming Could guess aims (demand characteristics) Would have more practise on 2nd try Order effects

Question 27

Advantages of independent measures design

Answer 27

Easy Wont guess aims No order effects

Question 28

Disadvantages of independent measures

Answer 28

Could have p variables Need more p

Question 29

Advantages of matched participants

Answer 29

Few p variables Wont have demand characteristics Reduces order effects

Question 30

Disadvantages of matched participants

Answer 30

Effort to match them Time consuming Cant control all EVs

Question 31

What are participant variables

Answer 31

characteristics of p that may influence results

Question 32

What are situational variables

Answer 32

any feature or research situation which may influence a participants behaviour and therefore the results

Question 33

Ways to control participant variables

Answer 33

Repeated measures or matched participants designs For independent groups allocate randomly to evenly distribute variables

Question 34

Ways to control situational variables (order effects)

Answer 34

Have different people in each condition If repeated measures, counterbalance (one group does A then B and the other does B then A)

Question 35

Ways to control situational variables (environmental factors)

Answer 35

Controls

Question 36

Ways to control situational variables (demand characteristics)

Answer 36

Don’t tell p the aim (single blind procedure)

Question 37

What is double blind procedure

Answer 37

neither participants nor people carrying out research know the aims

Question 38

What’s a hypothesis

Answer 38

A precise testable statement of relationship between 2 variables

Question 39

What’s an alternative hypothesis

Answer 39

Predicts the IV will affect the DV

Question 40

Give an example of an alternative hypothesis

Answer 40

There will be a significant difference in… when…

Question 41

What’s a null hypothesis

Answer 41

Predicts there will be no effect of the IV on the DV

Question 42

Give an example of a null hypothesis

Answer 42

There will not be a significant difference in… when…

Question 43

What’s a two tailed hypothesis

Answer 43

Predicts the IV will have a significant effect on the DV but doesn’t predict the direction

Question 44

What’s a one tailed hypothesis

Answer 44

Predicts the IV will have a significant effect on the DV and the direction of this effect

Question 45

What’s operationalising

Answer 45

making variables physically measurable or testable

Question 46

What’s a target population

Answer 46

group of people researcher is interested in studying

Question 47

What are sampling methods

Answer 47

different ways in which researchers can obtain a sample of people from within the target population to take part in the study

Question 48

what’s a sample

Answer 48

group of participants used in the research

Question 49

Describe self selecting

Answer 49

people volunteer to take part

Question 50

Describe opportunity sampling

Answer 50

selecting those most readily available at a given time and place

Question 51

Describe random sampling

Answer 51

Each member of target population has equal chance of selection

Question 52

Describe snowball sampling

Answer 52

P are asked to contact friends and family and ask if they’ll participate

Question 53

Advantages of self selecting

Answer 53

easy to obtain already have consent no researcher bias

Question 54

Advantages of opportunity sampling

Answer 54

easy to obtain good way to get target pop

Question 55

Advantages of random sampling

Answer 55

all equal chance of selection representative of target pop

Question 56

Advantages of snowball sampling

Answer 56

easy

Question 57

weaknesses of self selecting sampling

Answer 57

unrepresentative sample expensive if money is incentive small sample

Question 58

weaknesses of opportunity sampling

Answer 58

unrepresentative sample researcher bias

Question 59

weaknesses of random sampling

Answer 59

outliers hard to ensure was equal may not want to take part effort

Question 60

weaknesses of snowball sampling

Answer 60

participant variables cant generalise (similar characteristics)