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Psych Paper 1 > Experiments > Flashcards

Experiments Flashcards

1
Q

What do experiments aim to find

A

cause and effect

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2
Q

IV

A

variable being changed

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3
Q

DV

A

variable being measured as result of IV

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4
Q

What are the 2 conditions of an experiment called?

A

Experimental condition and Control condition

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5
Q

What are the 3 experimental types

A

Laboratory
Field
Quasi

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6
Q

Explain lab experiments

A

IV manipulated by researcher in a controlled setting away from P normal environment

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7
Q

Explain field experiments

A

IV manipulated by researcher in natural settinf

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8
Q

Explain quasi experiments

A

IV naturally occurring

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9
Q

Advantages of lab experiments

A

Less EVs
High internal reliability (standardised)
High construct validity

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10
Q

Disadvantages of lab experiments

A

Demand characteristics
Lacks ecological validity
Time consuming
Expensive

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11
Q

Advantages of field experiments

A

Higher ecological validity
P will act naturally

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12
Q

Disadvantages of field experiments

A

Less control
Hard to repeat exactly
EVs

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13
Q

Advantages of quasi experiments

A

High ecological validity
P will act naturally
Study variables we can’t manipulate

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14
Q

Disadvantages of quasi experiments

A

Less control
Low internal reliability
P variables
Hard to conduct

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15
Q

What is validity

A

If research accurately measures what it intends to measure

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16
Q

What’s ecological validity

A

the extent to which the study represents a real life situtaion

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17
Q

What’s population validity

A

the extent to which the sample is generalisable

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18
Q

What’s construct validity

A

where the test has been shown to measure what it’s supposed to be testinf

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19
Q

What’s internal reliability

A

whether the procedure is standardised and replicable

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20
Q

What’s external reliability

A

whether the study has enough participants to establish a consistent effect

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21
Q

What are the 3 experimental designs?

A

Repeated measures
Independent measures
Matched participants

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22
Q

Repeated measures

A

sample people in each condiiron

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23
Q

Independent measures

A

different people in each condition

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24
Q

Mather participants

A

different people in each condition but attempt to make participants as similar as possible on certain characteristics
-done by testing, pairing and splitting them

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25
Q

Advantages of repeated measures

A

No participant variables
Fewer p needed
Easy

26
Q

Disadvantages of repeated measures

A

Time consuming
Could guess aims (demand characteristics)
Would have more practise on 2nd try
Order effects

27
Q

Advantages of independent measures design

A

Easy
Wont guess aims
No order effects

28
Q

Disadvantages of independent measures

A

Could have p variables
Need more p

29
Q

Advantages of matched participants

A

Few p variables
Wont have demand characteristics
Reduces order effects

30
Q

Disadvantages of matched participants

A

Effort to match them
Time consuming
Cant control all EVs

31
Q

What are participant variables

A

characteristics of p that may influence results

32
Q

What are situational variables

A

any feature or research situation which may influence a participants behaviour and therefore the results

33
Q

Ways to control participant variables

A

Repeated measures or matched participants designs
For independent groups allocate randomly to evenly distribute variables

34
Q

Ways to control situational variables (order effects)

A

Have different people in each condition
If repeated measures, counterbalance (one group does A then B and the other does B then A)

35
Q

Ways to control situational variables (environmental factors)

A

Controls

36
Q

Ways to control situational variables (demand characteristics)

A

Don’t tell p the aim (single blind procedure)

37
Q

What is double blind procedure

A

neither participants nor people carrying out research know the aims

38
Q

What’s a hypothesis

A

A precise testable statement of relationship between 2 variables

39
Q

What’s an alternative hypothesis

A

Predicts the IV will affect the DV

40
Q

Give an example of an alternative hypothesis

A

There will be a significant difference in… when…

41
Q

What’s a null hypothesis

A

Predicts there will be no effect of the IV on the DV

42
Q

Give an example of a null hypothesis

A

There will not be a significant difference in… when…

43
Q

What’s a two tailed hypothesis

A

Predicts the IV will have a significant effect on the DV but doesn’t predict the direction

44
Q

What’s a one tailed hypothesis

A

Predicts the IV will have a significant effect on the DV and the direction of this effect

45
Q

What’s operationalising

A

making variables physically measurable or testable

46
Q

What’s a target population

A

group of people researcher is interested in studying

47
Q

What are sampling methods

A

different ways in which researchers can obtain a sample of people from within the target population to take part in the study

48
Q

what’s a sample

A

group of participants used in the research

49
Q

Describe self selecting

A

people volunteer to take part

50
Q

Describe opportunity sampling

A

selecting those most readily available at a given time and place

51
Q

Describe random sampling

A

Each member of target population has equal chance of selection

52
Q

Describe snowball sampling

A

P are asked to contact friends and family and ask if they’ll participate

53
Q

Advantages of self selecting

A

easy to obtain
already have consent
no researcher bias

54
Q

Advantages of opportunity sampling

A

easy to obtain
good way to get target pop

55
Q

Advantages of random sampling

A

all equal chance of selection
representative of target pop

56
Q

Advantages of snowball sampling

A

easy

57
Q

weaknesses of self selecting sampling

A

unrepresentative sample
expensive if money is incentive
small sample

58
Q

weaknesses of opportunity sampling

A

unrepresentative sample
researcher bias

59
Q

weaknesses of random sampling

A

outliers
hard to ensure was equal
may not want to take part
effort

60
Q

weaknesses of snowball sampling

A

participant variables
cant generalise (similar characteristics)

Psych Paper 1 (5 decks)

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