Obs Flashcards
Common physiological changes in preg
- Cardio: heart function and plasma volume increase; But the inferior vena cava gets compressed
- Circulation: decreased albumin and osmotic pressure (risk of oedema)
- Lungs: increased tidal volume
- GI: N+V; delayed gastric emptying, prolonged small bowel transit time; GI reflux
Also: changes in oxidative enzymes in liver; Increased GFR in kidneys
Types of antepartum haemorrhage
- Placental Abruption
- Placental Previa
- Onset of labour
Rare:
- Vasa Previa
- Uterine rupture
Can also be from DOMESTIC VIOLENCE. But 50% of time cause = unkown
Small could be: cervical ectropion
Placental abruption
Sudden detachment of placenta from uterine wall causing bleeding (usually comes out through vagina) and continuous severe abdo pain
- can cause hypovolemic shock
- can see CTG (cardiotocography) changes: shows fetal distress
What is suggestive of a large antepartum haemorrhage on abdo exam
Abdo feels ‘woody’ on palpation
Stages of severity of antepartum haemorrhage
- Spotting: spots of blood noticed on underwear
- Minor haemorrhage: less than 50ml blood loss
- Major haemorrhage: 50 – 1000 ml blood loss
- Massive haemorrhage: more than 1000 ml blood loss, or signs of shock
Dx of Antepartum haemorrhage
Diagnosed via clinical presentation.
Be aware of CONCELED HAEMORRHAGE where cervical os remains closed so vaginal bleeding is disproportionate to uterine bleeding.
Acute Mx of major/massive antepartum haemorrhage
- Urgent involvement of a senior obstetrician, midwife and anaesthetist + admit to hopsital
- 2 x grey cannula
- Bloods include FBC, UE, LFT and coagulation studies
- Crossmatch/Group and save 4 units of blood
- Fluid and blood resuscitation as required
- CTG monitoring of the fetus
- Close monitoring of the mother
Non-acute management of antepartum haemorrhage
- USS to exclude placenta praevia
- Antenatal steroids at 24-34+6 wks gestation (matures fetal lungs incase preterm)
-
If parent = Rhesus-D -ve -> need anti-D prophylaxis
- dose determined via Kleihauer test
- Group + save
- CTG for foetal monitoring
- If unstable -> emergency c-section
- FBC, U+E, Group + save
- Active management of third stage for postpartum haemorrhage
RFx for placental abruption
- PMHx of abruption
- PRE-ECLAMPSIA
- TRAUMA
- Multiple pregnancy; bleeding early in preg
- Fetal growth restriction
- Multigravida
- Increased maternal age
- Smoking
- Cocaine or amphetamine use
Placental praevia
placenta is over the internal cervical os -> some vaginal bleeding
Placental abruption vs praevia
Abruption is painful and there is fetal distress. Patients may be shocked.
Praevia is painless but increases in severity and frequency over time. Fetus is often breech/transverse. Don’t do vaginal exam.
Types of placental abnormalities (placenta accreta spectrum)
- Superficial placenta Accreta (grows into surface of myometrium so doesn’t deteach post-partum)
- Placenta Increta (deeply into myometrium - through to serosa / perimetrium)
- Percreta (goes all the way through wall - can potentially grow into other organs e.g. bladder)
Caused by abnormal decidualisation from defective endometrial-myometrial interface - usually due to scars
Vasa previa
Malformation of umbilical vessels resulting in them running through PLACENTAL membrane instead of umbilical cord AND passing on/near internal cervical os (uncommon)
Px as - brisk PAINLESS bleeding on rupture of amniotic membrane with FOETAL DISTRESS
- typically haemorrhage triggered by dilatation of cervical os / movement of presenting part
These vessels can rupture without a ROM too which leads to the foetus bleeding out + intrauterine haemorrhage
Picked up antenatally on USS OR as bleed post SROM (check with VE - can feel vessels)
Uterine rupture Px
Sudden PAIN + PV BLEEDING
Sudden STOP IN CONTRACTIONS and foetal distress on CTG
Hypotension, Tachycardia, possible collapse
gynae causes of antepartum bleeding
Cervical polyps/Cancer
Miscarriage
Early: spontaneous termination before 12wks gestation
Late = 12-24wks
Types of miscarriage
- Missed miscarriage
- Threatened
- Inevitable
- Incomplete
- Complete (everything gone)
- Anemryonic preg (sac present but no embryo)
Missed miscarriage + management
- Uterus empty before 20 wks but cervical os is closed so any bleeding is contained -> asymp
Threatened miscarriage
Painless uterine bleeding but cervix is closed. Fetus is still alive at first.
Inevitable miscarriage
Heavy bleeding with clots and pain
Cervical os is open
Incomplete miscarriage
Pain and vaginal bleeding through open cervical os but not all products of conception have been expelled
Dx of miscarriage
- fetal heartbeat should be present if crown-rump length bigger than 7mm
- if no heartbeat repeat after week to confirm
- fetal POLE should be present is gestational sac mean diameter >= 25mm
- if not; repeat after 1 wk to confirm anembryonic preg
Mx of miscarriage
- <6 wks = only expectant if no complications (just wait for it to happen) + preg test after 7-10 days to confirm
- > 6wks = referr to early preg assessment service (EPAU)
- USS to confirm
- Expectant +/- pain relief/anti-emetic if no risk factors
- Medical management = MISOPROSTOL (prostaglandin analogue) -> binds to prostaglandin receptors in cervix, softens it and stimulates uterine contractions
- Surgical: Manual vacuum aspiration (local anaesthetic, outpatient); Electric vac asp (general anaesth) - typically for incomplete
- need to give anti-D prophylaxis if resus -ve
What happens in stage 1 of labour
From onset till full dilation - 3 phases:
- Latent phase = 0-3/4cm (0.5 cm/hr + irregular)
-
Active = 3/4-7cm or till 10cm (1cm/hr + regular + stronger at end)
(- Transition phase = 7-10cm (1cm/hr + strong + regular))