Obestiy Flashcards
used to measure abdominal obesity
WAIST TO HIP RATIO
It’s calculated by measuring the waist and the hip at the widest diameter of the buttocks
WAIST TO HIP RATIO
Best body shape
Pear
WAIST TO HIP RATIO Strengths
- Good correlation with body fat as measured by the most accurate methods
- Inexpensive
- Studies show waist to hip ratio predicts development of disease and death in adults
measured by the most accurate methods
WAIST TO HIP RATIO
WAIST TO HIP RATIO imitations
- Measurement error because it requires two measurements
- More complex to interpret - caused by increased abdominal fat or decrease in lean muscle mass around the hips
- less accurate in individuals with a BMI of 35 or higher
special caliper to measure the thickness of a “pinch” of skin and the fat beneath it in specific areas of the body
SKINFOLD THICKNESS
Used to predict body fat percentage
SKINFOLD THICKNESS
is a direct measure of fat
SKINFOLD THICKNESS
Reflects the proportion of total body fat
SKINFOLD THICKNESS
Measure fatty tissue in various parts of the body
SKINFOLD THICKNESS
The selected sites for SKINFOLD THICKNESS
( usually 3 to 7 )
SKINFOLD THICKNESS
…. measurements are taken at each site
2
The procedure for skinfold thickness measurement includes …..
grasping the skin and underlying tissue
SKINFOLD THICKNESS Strengths
- Convenient
- Safe
- Inexpensive
- Portable
- Fast and easy ( except in individuals with a BMI of 35 or higher )
SKINFOLD THICKNESS imitations
Not as accurate as other methods: problem with skinfold thickness measurement is that different clinicians measuring the same person may get different results, depending upon their knowledge and experience
Various equations are used to assess results, so there is little consistency
Very hard to measure in individuals with a BMI of 35 or higher.
Small, imperceptible safe electric current through the body, measuring the resistance.
BIOELECTRIC IMPEDANCE (BIA)
Individuals are weighed in air and while submerged in a tank
UNDERWATER WEIGHING (Densitometry)
X-ray beams pass through different body tissues at different rates
DUAL ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY (DEXA)
DUAL ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY (DEXA) Limitations
- Equipment is expensive and cannot be moved
- Cannot accurately distinguish between different types of fat (fat under the skin, also known as “subcutaneous” fat vs. fat around the internal organs, or “visceral” fat
- Cannot be used with pregnant women, since it requires
exposure to a small dose of radiation - Most current systems cannot accommodate individuals with a BMI of 35 or higher
…. more commonly used to determine bone mineral density for diagnosis of osteoporosis
DEXA
abnormal or excessive fat accumulation
Overweight and obesity
the ratio of weight to height calculated as weight (kg)/height (m 2
Body mass index (BMI)
Body mass index (BMI) Strengths
- Easy to measure
- Inexpensive
- Standardized cutoff points for overweight and obesity
- Strongly correlated with body fat levels , as measured by the most accurate methods
- Hundreds of studies show that a high BMI predicts higher risk of chronic disease and early death
Body mass index (BMI) Limitations
- Indirect and imperfect measurement does not distinguish between body fat and lean body mass
- Not as accurate a predictor of body fat in the elderly as it is in younger and middle aged adults
- At the same BMI, women have, on average, more body fat than men, and Asians have more body fat than whites
a body builder or physically active person who bulks up, causing weight gain, but has a low percentage of body fat may have a …
BMI in the overweight category
the simplest and most common way to measure “ abdominal obesity
WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE
It’s the circumference of the abdomen, measured at the natural waist
Between the lowest rib and the top of the hip bone
To correctly measure waist circumference
- Stand and place a tape measure around your middle, above your hipbones
- Make sure tape is horizontal around the waist
- Keep the tape snug around the waist, but not compressing the skin
- Measure your waist just after you breathe out
WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE Strengths
- Easy to measure
- Inexpensive
- Strongly correlated with body fat in adults as measured by the most accurate methods
- Studies show waist circumference predicts development of disease and death
WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE Limitations
- Measurement procedure has not been standardized
- Lack of good comparison standards reference data ) for waist circumference children
- May be difficult to measure and less accurate in individuals with a BMI of 35 or higher
