Obesity, diet and health behaviour related outcomes Flashcards
What is the definition of obesity?
Accumulation of fat stores to an extent that compromises health - WHO 2006
What are the limitations of BMI as a measurement of body fat?
- Cannot determine where fat is being stored
- Type +location of fat important predictors of cardiovascular and metabolic risks
- Does not distinguish between muscle mass and fat mass, becomes less precise measure due to changes in muscle mass
What is the double burden?
Combined prevalence of underweight and obesity- increased in most countries due to obesity surpassing decline in underweight).
What is nutrition transition?
Need to enhance access to nutritious foods to address remaining burden of underwight while curbing and reversing increased obesity
What are the physical consequences of obesity?
- Increased risk of cardiovascular disease and premature death
- Increased risk of asthma
- Increased risk of Fatty liver disease + liver cancer
- Increased risk of PCOS
- Increased risk of Arthritis
What are the psychological consequences of obesity?
Increased risk of major depression
What are some of the causes of obesity?
- Food production
- Societal influences
- Individual psychology
- Food consumption
- Biology
- Individual activity
- Activity environment
Discuss the dietary association with obesity
- Magnitude of associated weight gain varied for specific foods and beverages
- Could be due to varying portion sizes, pattern of eating, effects on satiety or displacement of other food or beverages, but overall correlation is still unclear
Discuss the ‘obsogenic’ environment and how this may effect obesity
- Food environment:
- Availability
- Cost
- Variety
- Portion sizes - Portion sizes have increased
- High energy density
- High fat
- Low fibre
- Food advertising
- Activity environment:
- High cost of activity
- Labour saving devices
- Sedentary travel
- Enjoyable sedentary pastimes
- High ambient temperatures
What are the psychological models regarding the causes of obesity?
- Developmental model
- Cognitive model of behaviour
- Role of weight concern: environmental and social factors
Describe the developmental model of eating behaviour
- Exposure- people show neophobia (fear of new things), this reduces after exposure
- Social learning- importance of modelling and observation, parental feeding styles and practices are important
- Association- Food as the reward, Food and control- overt and covert differ
Describe the cognitive model of eating behaviour
- Framework for explaining, predicting and changing behaviour
- Many different ones → most eating research uses social cognition models
- Theory of planned behaviour
People’s attitude subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control all influence each other and their intentions
Their intentions then influence their behaviour
Describe the weight control and body dissatisfaction theory of eating behaviour
- Weight control model emphasises meaning of food and weight, can mean:
- Comfort
- Boredom
- Pleasure
- Celebration
- Culture
- Attractiveness
- Control
- Success
- Body dissatisfaction- perceptions of reality vs. ideal and negative emotions
- Dieting and overeating:
- Dieting → Restraint theory
- Overeating in dieters → Motivational collapse
- Overeating in dieters → ‘What the hell’ effect as in just eat the unhealthy food, who cares about it.
- Overeating in dieters → Mood modificaiton
What are some evidence-based interventions that can prevent and manage obesity?
- Behaviour-based weight loss interventions
- Interventions which can maintain weight loss in the long term
