Obesity

Question 0

Why should we care about obesity

Answer 0

Obesity is an indicator or physical marker for metabolic activities that lead to chronic diseases

Question 1

Define obesity

Answer 1

Obesity is a condition in which a person has an abnormally high and unhealthy proportion of body fat

Question 2

How is obesity defined?

Answer 2

Obesity is defined by body mass index (BMI)

BMI = weight in kilograms/height in meters squared

Question 3

BMI classifications-what values associated with underweight, healthy weight, overweight, obese, morbidly obese?

Answer 3

BMI below 18.5 = underweight

BMI 18.5-24.9 = healthy weight

BMI 25-29.9 = overweight

BMI 30-39 = obese

BMI 40 + = morbidly obese

Question 4

Obese definition for children very slightly how is obesity and BMI defined for children ages 2- 19?

Answer 4

Obesity = BMI greater than or equal to 95th percentile

Overweight = BMI greater than or equal to 85th percentile but less than 95th percentile

Question 5

BMI alone is not an accurate measurement for everyone-who and why?

Answer 5

Consider athletes

Consider wide variations in general body size in different cultures

We circumference also used but not helpful for those of Asian descent

Question 6

List some of the factors influencing the development of obesity

Answer 6

Monogenic syndromes

Jeans

Susceptibility genes

Culture

Food intake

Exercise

Metabolic rate (i.e. men versus women)

Question 7

What is a major cause of obesity?

Answer 7

Energy intake is greater than energy expenditure

Question 8

List some major health risks for individuals with obesity

Answer 8

Metabolic syndrome

Liver disease-nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

Stroke

Sleep apnea and breathing problems

Gallbladder disease

Osteoarthritis

Gynecological problems

Question 9

Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of disorders what disorders does it include?

Answer 9

Cardiovascular disease

Diabetes

Hyper lipidemia (low HDL elevated triglycerides)

Hypertension

Question 10

Statistics about nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

Answer 10

Effects 20 -30% of adult population

70% of individuals with NAFLD have metabolic syndrome

Question 11

Liver illness tied to obesity what populations does it affect disproportionately?

Answer 11

Hispanic populations due to a gene variant (PNPLA3) that causes the liver to store triglycerides

In Los Angeles on the 25% of liver transplants due to nonalcoholic fatty hepatitis the most severe form of NAFLD

Question 12

What are treatments for NAFLD?

Answer 12

Diet and lifestyle changes

Decreased body weight, improve blood glucose levels, improve abnormal lipid patterns

(Individuals with NAFLD consume an increased quantity of sugary beverages and meAT compared to those without the disease)

Question 13

A 20 ounce bottle of soda equals how many teaspoons of sugar

Answer 13

17 teaspoons of sugar

Question 14

What are some of the problems with white fat cells

Answer 14

They produce hormones such as adipokines, that may affect cell growth

The induce inflammation-secrete cytokines

Produce excess amounts of estrogen

Question 15

Why is there an increased risk of cancer for obese individuals and what kind of cancers are they at higher risk for

Answer 15

Increased risk may be due to activities of fat cells

Types of cancer:

Colon

Rectum

Breast (after menopause)

Endometrium (lining of the uterus)

kidney

Thyroid

Gallbladder

Question 16

Obesity increases risk of all of the following

Answer 16

Respiratory disease

Gallbladder disease

Liver disease

Hormonal abnormalities

Gout

Osteoarthritis

Cancer

Diabetes

Cardiovascular issues

Stroke

Question 17

The spread of obesity in large social networks over 32 years-explain what is meant by clusters of obese persons found at all time points extending to 3° of separation?

Answer 17

You have a greater chance of being obese if a friend a sibling or spouse is obese - the percentages as follows:

57% increased risk if a friend obese

40% increase risk if sibling obese

37% increased risk if spouse obis

Question 18

What are the direct and indirect costs of obesity (Economic cost)

Answer 18

Direct cost-those resulting from outpatient and inpatient health services

Indirect costs-those defined as resources foregone as a result of A health condition:

-Days missed from work and also not working at full capacity

Insurance-employers pay higher life insurance premiums

Wages some study show that obesity is associated with lower wages and lower household income

Question 19

Define presenteeism

Answer 19

Days not working at full capacity at work

Question 20

Into thousand five obesity accounted for 21% of medical spending-$190 billion in the US

Cost could increase by an additional walked by the year of 2030

Answer 20

$66 billion by 2030

Question 21

For individuals with obesity medical spending is increased by about what percentage per year compared to those with normal weight

Answer 21

42% per year compared to those with normal weight

Question 22

What is most important to recognize when addressing obesity

Answer 22

Obesity is a medical societal political and economic issue

Prevent obesity in children through education of families and communities

Change the food environment-school lunches

Work with food manufacturers

Expose the deleterious effects of processed food (sugar, sodium, and calories are everywhere)