Cardiovascular Disease/ metabolic syndrome

Question 0

Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death causing approximately what percentage of deaths?
Which percentage of these deaths occur in low and middle income countries?

Answer 0

30% of deaths are from cardiovascular disease

80% of CVD death occurred in the low and middle income countries
(due to: higher exposure to risk factors like smoking, lack of prevention programs, no access to care, early detection systems)

Question 1

What are the four major groups of cardiovascular disease (which areas of the body do they affect)

Answer 1

Heart and blood vessels

Heart-coronary artery disease, heart disease

Brain or vessels that supply the brain-cerebrovascular disease

Vessels that supply the arms and legs-peripheral artery disease

Question 2

Define Arthrosclerosis

Answer 2

Hardening of the arteries due to the accumulation of plaque on the arterial wall

Plaque-cholesterol lipids calcium macrophages and fibrin

Question 3

List in order-the stages of Arthrosclerosis

Answer 3

Endothelial cell injury or dysfunction

Fatty streak

Fibrotic plaque

Complicated lesion

Question 4

List risk factors for arthrosclerosis

Answer 4

Smoking

Diabetes

Hypertension

Increased LDL

Decreased HDL

Auto immunity diseases

Air pollution

This lipidemia

Insulin resistance

Heavy alcohol consumption

Obesity

Physical inactivity

Increased C-reactive proteins

Age

Family history

Question 5

Describe the clinical manifestations of Arthrosclerosis

Answer 5

Most individuals are asymptomatic

Large plaques that occlude most of the vessels may result in poor perfusion of tissues

Evidence of any form of arthrosclerosis is treated like coronary artery disease

Complicated plaques-high risk of vessel occlusion-infarction of tissues-heart attack, stroke

Question 6

Treatments for arthrosclerosis?

Answer 6

Focused on identifying clients prior to rupture

-Treating with drugs, stabilizing plaques, reducing plaque size

If no immediate danger-

-Risk factor reduction, prevent further progression

Question 7

List (primary secondary) prevention of arthrosclerosis?

Answer 7

Primary prevention

-Lifelong: maintenance of healthy weight, Avoid smoking and secondhand smoke, exercise regularly

Secondary prevention

-Screening high-risk individuals, risk factor reduction: lifestyle modification, drugs

Question 8

Peripheral artery disease affects how many Americans what are the risk factors and what are the predictors of systemic disease?

Answer 8

Approximately 10 million Americans are affected by peripheral artery disease

Prevalent in smokers and people with diabetes

Predictor of systemic disease:-two times greater risk of coronary artery disease than those without PAD

Question 9

Peripheral artery disease can lead to what?

Answer 9

Can lead to chronic or acute obstruction of peripheral vessels

More common in legs

Severe pain and tissue damage in cases of complicated plaques that lead to obstruction

Question 10

Occlusion of coronary artery’s does what

Answer 10

Deprives the heart muscle of oxygen

Ischemia

Infarction

Question 11

Define ischemia and infarction

Answer 11

Ischemia-

Reduction in blood flow of 50%, sufficient to impair cells metabolism in high-demand situations

Cells remain alive, but do not function properly
begins within 10 seconds of vessel occlusion

Infarction-

Persistent ischemia leading to death of muscle cells

Cells die after about 20 minutes

Often caused by complicated plaques

Question 12

Give particular’s of coronary artery disease-how much of the US population over the age of 20 has it risk factors statistics

Answer 12

CAD-coronary artery disease

Estimate: 7% of US population over the age of 20

One heart attack every 25 seconds

One in every six deaths

Risk factors are the same for those with arthrosclerosis

Question 13

Give statistics for metabolic syndrome (a.k.a. syndrome X)

Answer 13

Constellation of conditions

Estimates approximately 25% of the global population

Especially high risk for developing coronary artery disease

3 to 4 fold increase in risk of MI

To fold increase risk of dying of MI

Question 14

What are the qualifications for diagnosing metabolic syndrome

Answer 14

Three of the following conditions:

Obesity-abdominal obesity

High blood triglycerides

Low HDL

Insulin resistance

Hypertension

Tend to occur simultaneously presence of multiple factors increase risk more then individual factors would be expected to

Question 15

Treatment and prevention for metabolic syndrome?

Answer 15

Treatment and Prevention

Ideal-
Lifestyle modifications to reduce risk factors-proper diet, exercise, fat loss, drugs (as necessary)

Actual-
No recognized treatment that addresses the entire syndrome

Treat risk factors with drugs, reduce blood pressure, treat type two diabetes, treat to reduce blood pressure LDL and triglycerides