Diabetes Flashcards
Diabetes is the _________ leading cause of death in the United States
7th leading cause of death in the United States
Maybe underreported
35 to 40% of people that died in 2010 had diabetes listed somewhere on their death certificate
List the types of diabetes and prevalence
Type one diabetes about 5% of cases
Type two diabetes about 95% of cases
Other specific types: genetic defect in B cell function, drug-induced, disease of the pancreas such as pancreatitis and cancer
Gestational diabetes-develops during pregnancy, higher risk of developing type two diabetes
People with diabetes are 1.7 times more likely to die from what disease?
Diabetes is the most common cause of what disease?
People diabetes are more likely to die from cardiovascular disease
Diabetes is the most common cause of end-stage renal failure
Type one diabetes what are the causes?
Genetic susceptibility-risk is increased with certain HLA class II Alleles
Environmental component-I will infections, exposure to chemicals, early exposure to bovine serum album
Process-inflammation in the islets of blogger hon, autoantigens on B cell presented the T cell, activation of cytotoxic T cells, activation of B cells and and production of antibodies, further enhancement of inflammation in the islets
Results-little if any production of insulin
Clinical manifestations of type one diabetes?
Excessive thirst-high glucose concentration pulls water out of cells osmotic late
Frequent urination-high osmotic pressure and kidneys, incomplete groups arching of glucose from your
Excessive hunger-depletion of intracellular storage of glucose and lipids, cellular starvation
Weight loss-fluid loss, loss of LBM due to poor use of glucose
Fatigue-poor use of nutrients, sleep loss due to urination at night
Treatment and prevention for type one diabetes
Treatment-injectable insulin, diet, exercise, self monitoring blood glucose levels
Prevention/slowing progression-difficult since environmental factors are poorly understood, screening to detect relevant antibodies, immunosuppression
Type two diabetes risk factors
Age
Obesity
Hypertension
Family history
Physical activity
Metabolic syndrome
Increased C reactive proteins
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Increase leptin
Explain the progression of type two diabetes
Hi levels of glucose and lipids cause cell death in B cells
Leptin decreases insulin secretion
Pro-inflammatory cytokines can be toxic to B cells
B cell exhaustion-intracellular oxidative stress, ER dysfunction, cell death
Insulin deficiency
Clinical manifestations of type two diabetes
May have classical signs but may not
Fatigue
Recurrent infections
Visual changes-retinopathy
Paresthesia-sensation of tingling prickling burning
Chronic complications of diabetes
CVD
Nerve damage
Kidney damage
Eye damage
Feet damage
Macrovascular disease associated with diabetes
Most common cause of death for people with diabetes
arthrosclerosis
CAD
PAD
Stroke
Explain nonenzymatic glycosylation
Glucose becomes irreversibly attached protein and lipid
Protein in RBC, blood vessel walls, and interstitial tissue
Induction of oxidative stress and inflammation damage to vessels and nerves
Microvascular disease explain (in reference to type two diabetes)
Sickening of capillary basement membrane, and the filial cell hyperplasia, and thrombosis
Decreased blood flow to the tissues and hypoxia-retinopathy-nephropathy
Diabetic neuropathy can affect what
It’s a combination of microvascular disease, abnormal signaling, oxidative stress, and information
High risk of foot ulceration
Can also affect autonomic nervous system-G.I. tract-bladder and reproductive tract-body temperature regulation-changes in baroreceptor reflexes
Complications of infection with diabetes
Increased complications of infection occur due to decreased blood flow, decreased O2 saturation, decreased delivery of leukocytes, high levels of sugar create environment for bacteria
