Obesity Flashcards
What is obesity ?
- defined as a state of excess adipose tissue
- increased body weight in relation to height when compared to same standard of acceptable or desirable weight
by 2030 there will be _ overweight & _ obese people globally
2.16 billion
1.12 billion
btwn 2002 & 2010 prevalence of obesity alone in Nigeria increased by _ in men
& _ in women
47% in men
39 % in women
according to WHO 2010 survey in Nigeria
prevalence of overweight was _ for men & _ for women
26% (men)
37% (women)
classification based on BMI
desirable - 18.5 -24.9
overweight - 25 - 29.9
obesity > 30
class 1 obesity = 30 - 34.9
class 2 obesity = 35 - 39.9
class 3 obesity = >40
BMI of 30 & above is most commonly used based on
substantial morbidity
BMI is a direct measure of adiposity
T/F
False
approaches for quantifying obesity under Anthropometry
- skin fold thickness (over middle of triceps muscle) Men= 20mm, Women = 30mm
- waist circumference
- waist/hip ratio
other approaches for quantifying obesity besides Anthropometry
- Densitometry (underwater weight)
- CT/MRI
- Electrical Impedence
_ constitutes the largest fat deposit
Subcutaneous fat deposit
excess SAT increases what levels?
cytokine levels
visceral adipose tissue is located mainly where ?
mesentry & omentum
Visceral Adipose Tissue is more metabolically active, more cellular, vascular & more innervates than SAT
T/F
True
visceral adipose tissue drains directly into where ?
portal circulation
Ectopic fat is what type of fat ?
Liver & muscle fat
_ fat is the most harmful to matvailic health
liver fat
*predicts whether people will develop type 2 DM or CVD
*causes insulin resistance locally & directly
_ kg of liver fat accumulation is required to increase hepatic insulin resistance in children
only 0.2kg
in apple shape fat is primarily located around _
while in pear shape it is primarily located around _
- abdomen
- hip & buttocks
parameters for apple shape obesity
Waist circumference
>88cm in women (80cm = increased risk)
>102cm in men (90cm = increased risk)
parameters for abdominal obesity for waist/hip ratio
> 1.0 in men
0.9 in women
CENTRAL control of satiation occurs where
Hypothalamus
satiation is controlled peripherally through the release of what enzymes
SMALL INTESTINE :
1) cholecystokinin
2) bombesin
3) glucagon-like peptide 1
4) somatostatin
5) enterostatin
Pancreas - Insulin & glucagon
Two pathways regulation is carried out through in the hypothalamus
- Central appetite-stimulating pathway (orexogenic)
- central appetite-suppressing pathway
(anorexogenic/leptin-melanocortin)
ob gene is found on what chromosome?
chromosome 7
*produces 16kDa protein called LEPTIN
what is thermogenesis
energy cost of storing & metabolizing food
pathophysiology of obesity includes
1) genetics
2) diet
3) sedentary lifestyle
4) medical & psychiatric illness
5) social determinants
6) infectious agents
cushing syndrome & hypothyroidism can cause obesity
T/F
True
what viruses have been suggested to affect food absorption
Adenovirus 36
alcohol contains how many Kj/g
29kJ/g (8kcal/g)
surgical management of obesity includes _ & _ procedures
Restrictive & Malabsorptive
alcohol contains how many calories
29KJ/g (8kcal/g)
Drug Therapy for obesity includes what type of drugs
centrally acting & peripherally acting drugs
__ peripherally acting drug is an inhibitor of pancreatic & gastric lipases
Orlistat
*reduces dietary fat absorption & aids weight loss
centrally acting drugs include drugs acting on _ & _ pathways
Serotoninergic & Noradrenergic pathways
