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Psych paper 1 miss g > Obedience (SI) > Flashcards

Obedience (SI) Flashcards

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1
Q

Obedience definition

A

Involves individuals following a direct order from a person (usually in a figure of authority) who has the power to punish when obedient behaviour does not occur

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2
Q

Destructive obedience definition

A

When an individual obeys an order to do something immoral, which causes the individual carrying out the order distress + regret

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3
Q

Social influence definition

A

Process by which individuals + groups change each other’s attitudes and behaviours

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4
Q

Milgram’s original experiment aim

A
  • To know if Germans were different + more obedient to authority figures than in other countries
  • To know if ordinary citizens would obey an unjust order from an authority figure even if inflicting pain
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5
Q

Milgram’s experiment procedure

A
  • 40 male participants who responded to advert in newspaper for experiment on ‘punishment and learning ‘
  • laboratory at Yale university met my mr Wallace the experimenter
  • one assigned role of teacher and one learner
  • teacher watched learner strapped onto elective chair and was given simple electric shock
  • learner wasn’t actually strapped to chair for experiment
  • learner was in adjoining room and teacher gave electric shock when learner made mistake
  • electric shock increased and learner (pre-recorded) screams became more loud each time
  • 330 volts guava illusion learner was passed out
  • Experimenter continued until teacher refused to continue but experimenter tried make teacher continue
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6
Q

Milgram’s experiment findings

A
  • all participants went to at least 300 volts and 65% continues to 450 volts
  • participants showed extreme tension
  • three participants had seizures
  • different to what was predicted as only 3% would do 450 volts
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7
Q

Milgram’s experiment conclusion

A
  • ordinary people will obey unjust orders

- Germans aren’t different to their people from other countries

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8
Q

Milgram’s experiment - 3 limitations

A
  • Ethics (participants decieved)
  • Validity (not applies to real life as tested in lab)
  • Generalisability (only used male volunteers)
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9
Q

Milgram’s experiment - 2 strengths

A
  • Reliability (other studies found similar results)

- Validity (further support by Sheridan and king where real shocks given to puppies)

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10
Q

Issues in Milgram’s study

A
  • Right to withdraw
  • Informed consent
  • Deception
  • Protection from harm
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11
Q

Right to withdraw issue explaination in milgram

A
  • study was very unethical

- he encourages participants to proceed to address issue

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12
Q

Informed consent explanation in Milgram

A
  • milgram didn’t say why studies were used for

- gave debrief to address these issues

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13
Q

Deception explanation in milgram

A
  • didn’t tell participants shocks weren’t real

- gave debrief to address issue

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14
Q

Protection from harm explanation for milgram

A
  • some had seizures
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15
Q

Types of situational variables

A
  • Proximity
  • Location
  • Uniform
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16
Q

Situational variable definition

A

Features of an environment that impact the degree to which individuals obey

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17
Q

Proximity definition

A

Physical closeness or distance of an authority figure to the person they are giving an order to

18
Q

Location definition

A

Place where an order is issued

19
Q

Uniform definition

A

Clothes an authority figure wears that symbolise their position of authority

20
Q

Proximity examples for milgram

A
  • in adjoining rooms (65% obeyed)
  • in same room (40% obeyed)
  • teacher forces learners hand on electroshock plate (30% obeyed)
  • experimenter in different room to teacher (20.5% obeyed)
  • closer to authority figure more likely to obey
21
Q

Location examples

A
  • Yale uni (65% obeyed)
  • run down building (47.5% obeyed)
  • obedience drops in less professional environment
22
Q

Uniform examples in milgram

A
  • experimenter wearing everyday clothes rather than grey lab coat (dropped to 20% obedience)
23
Q

Legitimacy of Authority definition

A

An explanation of obedience which suggests people are more likely to obey people who they think have authority over them
-e.g teacher, parent or police officer

24
Q

What are the 4 explaination of obedience?

A
  • Situational variables
  • Legitimacy of authority
  • Agentic state
  • Authoritarian personality
25
Q

Three categories of explanation for obedience

A
  • Situational explanations
  • Social-psychological explanations
  • Dispositional explanations
26
Q

Social-psychological explanations definition

A

The influence that other people can have on an individual explains obedience

27
Q

Dispositional explanation

A

Argues certain personality characteristics are associated with higher levels of obedience

28
Q

Destructive authority definition

A

When authority figure orders participant it behave in ways that go against their consciences

29
Q

Evidence for legitimacy of authority

A
  • Milgram’s change in location to abandoned building from Yale reduced LoA so participants were less likely to trust experiment
  • Students watched Milgram’s experiment and said it was experimenters responsibility due to legitimate authority (experimenter was at top of authority hierarchy so his authority was legitimate)
30
Q

Agentic shift definition

A

A mental state where an individual feels no personal responsibility over their behaviour as they believe themselves to be active for an authority figure

31
Q

Autonomous state definition

A

When an individual feels responsible for their own actions therefore the individual behaved how they want.

32
Q

Milgram’s experiment related to Agentic state

A
  • 65% of participants went to 450 volts and were arguably under an Agentic state
33
Q

Milgram’s experiment in relation to Agentic shift

A
  • when there was an additional confederate that administered shock on behalf of teacher 92.5% participants went to 450 volts
  • this highlights power of shifting responsibility (Agentic shift)
34
Q

Characteristics of authoritarian personality

A
  • especially obedient to authority
  • hatred for people with inferior social status
  • traditional attitudes to sex, race and gender
  • believe we need strong powerful leaders to enforce traditional values
  • inflexible outlook
35
Q

Authoritarian personality origins

A
  • strict discipline
  • expectation of complete loyalty
  • impossibly high standards
  • criticism of perceived failure
  • conditional love
36
Q

Authoritarian personality strength

A

-research support - Milgram + Elms interviews - highly obedient participants = more authoritarian on Fscale - shows link between authoritarian personality and obedience

37
Q

What is an F-scale?

A
  • Measures how authoritarian someone is

- F stands for fascist which is a dictator with complete power that follow people

38
Q

Authoritarian personality - 3 limitation

A
  • correlation not causation - cant conclude causation from Milgram + Elm’s research - could be other factors affecting authoritarian + obedience such as education
  • method problems - every item of fscale worded in same ‘direction’ - can get authoritarian from ticking same box - just measuring the tendency to agree
  • AP + harsh parenting is correlational - cant establish cause and effect - no experiments due to ethical reasons - dk true reason for AP - limits validity
39
Q

Legitimacy of Authority - 3 strengths + 1 limitation

A
  • Blass + Schmitt showed students film of Milgram = asked who was responsible - students blamed experimenter due to authority being legitimate - support for obedience
  • Cultural differences - Killham + Mann (1974) replicated Milgram in Australia - 16% up to highest shock level - Mantell = Germans - 85% - shows different society structures - increase validity
  • real war crime application - my lai massacre - 500 unarmed Vietnam civilians killed by American soldiers - soldiers followed orders from authority figures - practical applications - could help prevent crimes if LOA is the causation
  • my lai massacre -states do this oz of personality - excuses peoples behaviour as suggests determinism + takes away free will - doesn’t help prevent crimes
40
Q

Agentic shift - 2 limitations

A
  • doesn’t explain research findings (why Milgram’s participants didn’t obey) - contradicts agentic shift definition as only 65% obeyed - only applicable to some situations
  • agentic state = behaviour not controlled by individuals - free will given up - deterministic - doesn’t fit judiciary system which states we have control over own actions - no practical application
41
Q

agentic shift - 2 strengths

A
  • Blass + Schmitt showed students film of Milgram = asked who was responsible - students blamed experimenter due to teacher giving up responsibility + entering agentic state - agentic state = valid explanation for obedience
  • Milgram = 65% to 450 volts - one variation = additional confederate administered electric shocks on teachers behalf this made 450 volts go to 92.5% due to agentic shift as participants felt less responsible - agentic state increases obedience levels

Psych paper 1 miss g (6 decks)

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