Memory Flashcards
1
Q
3 types of nature of memory
A
- Capacity
- Coding
- Duration
2
Q
Coding definition
A
format of info storage
3
Q
Capacity
A
Amount of info
4
Q
Duration definition
A
Lengths of time of info
5
Q
Short-term memory definition
A
- mainly acoustic
- between 5 and 9 items
- between 18 and 30 seconds
6
Q
Long-term memory
A
- mainly semantic
- unlimited capacity
- up to a lifetime
7
Q
Research into coding,capacity and duration
A
STM-Baddley-Jacob ,Miller-Peterson and Peterson
LTM-Baddeley- -Bahrick
8
Q
Baddeley (1966) aim
A
Coding in STM and LTM
9
Q
Baddeley procedure
A
4 sets of
Participants recalled order of word listed to asses STM and after 20 mins to asses LTM
10
Q
Baddeley findings
A
Acoustically similar words +
Semantically similar words - worst recall
11
Q
Baddeley conclusion
A
STM is acoustically coded
LTM is semantically coded
12
Q
Jacobs (1887) aim
A
Capacity of STM
13
Q
Jacobs procedure
A
Measure digit span - how many items an individual can remember, in sequence and repeat back in order
14
Q
Jacobs findings
A
Mean span for digits was 9.3
Mean span for letters was 7.3
15
Q
Jacobs conclusion
A
Memory can hold 7-9 items
16
Q
Miller (1956) aim
A
Capacity of STM
17
Q
Miller procedure
A
- chunks of 7
- used digit data and “chunked” items
18
Q
Miller findings
A
Could recall 5 words and 5 letters
19
Q
Miller conclusion
A
“the magical number 7”
20
Q
Peterson and Peterson (1956) aim
A
Duration of STM
21
Q
Peterson and Peterson procedure
A
- 24 students took part in 8 trials + were given a trigram such as BNT and a 3 digit number
- asked to count backwards to prevent rehearsal
- stopped after 3 second intervals up to 18
22
Q
Peterson and Peterson findings
A
STM lasts about 18 seconds
23
Q
Peterson and Peterson conclusion
A
STM has a short duration unless rehearsed
24
Q
Bahrick (1975) aim
A
Duration of LTM
25
Bahrick procedure
Recall of people participants has gone to school with using photos and free recall
26
Bahrick findings
- 90% accurate for photo recognition
| - 60% accuracy for free recall
27
Bahrick conclusion
LTM lasts a very long time
28
Coding Baddeley Weakness
-Artificial stimuli
Capacity Jacob Weakness (combo)
- Lacks validity
Capacity Miller Weakness
-(cowan 2001)
Duration Peteron + Peterson Weakness (combo)
-artificial stimuli
- no meaningful material - lacks generalisability - meaningful = semantic coding - limited application
- long time ago + lacks control - distraction = worse performance - confounding variables = lacks validity - HOWEVER - confirmed study = valid
- overestimates STM capacity - cowan = STM onmy 4 chunks - millers 5 estimate more appropriate than 7
- meaningless - lacks real life application - lacks external validity - HOWEVER - people sometimes remeber meaningless things
29
Duration Bahrick et al strength (combo)
-high external validity - real life memories studies - LTM meaningless = lower recall rates - HOWEVER - confounding variables not controlled e.g. looking over yearbook
30
Multi store model of memory definition
Describes how info is travelled from one store to another, how it is remembered and how it is forgotten
31
multi store model of memory stores
sensory register
STM
LTM
32
How to retrieve memory from LTM?
Move to STM
33
Working memory model definition
Representation of STM that suggests STM is a dynamic processor of different types of info using sub-units coordinated by a central-decision making system
34
Central executive definition
- Coordinates activities of 3 subsystems in memory
| - allocates processing resources to these activities
35
Phonological loop definition
- Processing info in terms of sound
| - retains language
36
What are the two parts of phonological loop?
- Articulatory control system
| - Phonological store
37
Visual special sketch pad definition
Processes visual and spatial info in mental space often called our ‘inner eye’
38
Episodic buffer definition
- Brings together material from other subsystems into a single memory
- a bridge between working memory and LTM
39
Who developed WMM?
Baddeley and Hitch(1974)
40
Who developed the MSM?
Atkinson and Shriffin
41
How much info does phonological loop hold?
info spoken aloud in 2 seconds
42
Two types of phonological loop
- Articulatory rehearsal process (inner voice)
| - Phonological store (inner ear)
43
What does articulatory rehearsal process include?
Language presented visually and then converted in a phonological state (subvocal repetition)
44
What phonological store include?
Auditory speech information in the order of which it was heard
45
How much can visual spacial sketch pad gold?
3-4 objects at one time
46
How much can episodic buffer hold?
4 chunks of info
47
What is the dual task technique?
participants perform two tasks simultaneously
48
What happens if one store is used for 2 tasks?
Performance is poorer
49
What happens if 2 tasks are from different stores?
Performance is unaffected
50
WWM strengths
- clinical evidence (Shallice + Warrington 1970) (combo)
- dual task (baddeley et al 1975)
- KF - brain damage - poor STM verbal ability but good visual - just phonological loop damaged - supports separate visual + acoustic store - HOWEVER - unique so not generalisable
- support separate visuo-spatial sketchpad - harder = 2 visual - increased difficulty due to same slave systems
51
Limitation of WWM
| -central executive = unclear
-cog psychologist = central executive is unsatisfactory + lacks clarity - WMM not fully explained
52
Standard police interview definition
-asking questions that appeared relevant
53
Negative of standard police interview
- events recalled in non-chronological order
- false memories dues to leading questions
- regular jumps on memory modalities
54
What are the 4 techniques in a cognitive interview?
- report everything
- reinstate context
- reverse order
- change perspective
55
Reason for reporting everything
- even details that’s seem trivial
| - some details may trigger other important memories
56
Reason for reinstate context
- reinstating physical and mental context may act as cues to recall
- witness should return to crime “in their mind”, linking to context and state dependant forgetting
57
reverse order reason
- verify accuracy
- prevents reporting expectations abs means reporting real event
- reveals dishonest thing sad is more difficult to be untruthful in reverse order
58
Change perspective reason
- promotes holistic view which may enchanted recall
| - disrupts effect of expectations and schema on recall
59
What is included in enhanced cognitive interview? (Fischer et al (1987))
- interviewer need to know when to establish eye contact and when to relinquish it
- reduce eye witness anxiety
- minimise distractions
- getting witness to speak slowly
- asking open ended questions
60
Limitation of cognitive interview
| -time consuming
-longer than SPI - requires special training - some forces only supply little training = no proper CI version
61
Strengths of cognitive interview
- some elements more valuable than others (Milne + Bull 2002)
- ECI is better (Kohnken 1999)
- M+B = each element equally valuable - report everything + context reinstate = most valuable = some more important than others - can be used to improve normal interviews even if CI isn't fully used - increases CI credibility
- kohnken = meta-analysis from 50 studies - more correct info from ECI than SPI - real practical benefits -grater chance of catching criminals - beneficial to society
62
MSM description
- Atkinson + Shiffrin
- shows how memory flows through 3 different stores
- Sensory register- detects stimulus from the environment + info stays for less than half a second + has high capacity (includes Iconic + Echoic
- STM - can keep info here using maintenance rehearsal
- LTM - we use retrieval to move long term memories to STM store, they aren't directly recalled from LTM store
63
Weakness of MSM
- Shallice + Warrington
- Craik + Watkins
- MSM states there is only one type of STM HOWEVER amnesia case studies don't agree with this - Shallice + Warrington (KF) found poor STM of digits when they were read to him but he could recall when he read them himself - limitation as MSM doesn't include different STM types so WMM may be better
- Craik + Watkins state prolonged is not needed for STM-LTM transfer - stated there are 2 rehearsal types, maintenance + elaborative however MSM only mentions maintenance - but elaborative is needed for LT storage - suggests MSM doesn't fully explain how LT storage is achieved
64
Strength of MSM
| -Baddeley
-shows STM and LTM are different - found we mix up similar sounding words in STM but similar meaning words in LTM - shows STM is acoustically coded but LTM is semantically coded - supports MSM stating the 2 stores are separate
