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Psychology > Obedience + Conformity VCE SAC ~ 27/2/23 > Flashcards

Obedience + Conformity VCE SAC ~ 27/2/23 Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s correlational studies?

A

Used to understand the relationship that exists between variables. It has no actual groups and is mostly observational studies without any IVs, DVs or controlled variables

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2
Q

What’s causational studies?

A

A study with a present IV, DV, control group and experimental group with a cause that brings about the effect

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3
Q

What does extraneous variables mean?

A

Any variable other than the IV that can cause a change in the DV with unwanted effects

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4
Q

What does confounding variables mean?

A

Any variable other than the IV that has an unwanted effect on the DV, making it impossible to determine which of the variables produced the predicted change in the DV

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5
Q

What are the types of extraneous variables?

A
  • Participant variables
  • Situational variables
  • Demand characteristics
  • Experimenter effects
  • Placebo effect
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6
Q

What are participant variables?

A

Individual characteristics

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7
Q

How can participant variables be controlled?

A
  • Random allocations
  • Experimental and control groups have similar characteristics
  • Even spread of people (good balance of characteristics)
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8
Q

What are situational variables?

A

External factors that corresponds to the participants experimental setting

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9
Q

How can situational variables be controlled?

A
  • Keep participants in observed environments
  • Using counterbalancing
  • Standarised procedures and instructions to ensure that conditions are the same for all participants
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10
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

Cues in an experiment that may influence or bias a participant’s response

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11
Q

What do demand characteristics do?

A

Suggest what response the experimenter wants or expect thus leading participants to respond in a certain way

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12
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

Administered + fake medication that can be applied to our daily lives

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13
Q

What does the placebo effect do?

A

Make participants act according to the drug (act as if its effective)

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14
Q

How can the placebo effect be controlled?

A

Switching groups

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15
Q

What is the experimenter effect?

A

Any influence the experimenter’s presence may have on the participants’ behaviour and the experiment’s results

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16
Q

How can the experimenter effect be controlled?

A

Minimise contact between the experimenter and participant

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17
Q

How can the impacts of confounding variables be minimised?

A
  • Restriction
  • Matching
  • Statistical control
  • Randomisation
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18
Q

How does restriction minimise the impacts of confounding variables?

A

Limits participation in a study to individuals who are similar in relation to the confounder (e.g. certain age and sex groups)

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19
Q

How does matching minimise the impacts of confounding variables?

A

Select a comparison group that matches with the control group (match up participants on characteristics)

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20
Q

How does statistical control minimise the impacts of confounding variables?

A

If data has already been collected, possible confounders can be included as control variables in the regression models (control for the impact of the confounding variable)

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21
Q

How does randomisation minimise the impacts of confounding variables?

A

Randomise the independent variable’s values

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22
Q

What’s quantitative data?

A

Numerical information on the amount of what’s being studied

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23
Q

What are the benefits of quantitative data?

A

It can easily be turn into a numerical value which makes it easy to analyse

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24
Q

What are the disadvantages of quantitative data?

A

The data is often limited to yes or no answers which doesn’t really allow participants to expand on their answers

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25
Q

What’s qualitative data?

A

Information about the characteristics of whats being studied

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26
Q

What are the benefits of qualitative data?

A

It allows researchers to identify issues that often go unnoticed

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27
Q

What are the disadvantages of qualitative data?

A

Makes it difficult to make comparisons between groups and can be a time-consuming process

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28
Q

What are experimental designs?

A

Refers to the way participants are allocated to a study’s experimental groups

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29
Q

What do you include in the results?

A

The data collected with no explanation

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30
Q

What do you include in the discussion?

A

Brief summary of the results and whether they support the hypothesis

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31
Q

What do you include in the conclusion?

A

Main findings, how the IV impacted the DV in the experiment, limitations and how the validity of the experiment can be improved

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32
Q

What are the factors of conformity?

A
  • Group size
  • Unanimity
  • Normative influence
  • Informational influence
  • Culture
  • Social loafing
  • Groupthink
  • Deindividuation
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33
Q

What is group size?

A

The size of a group (number of group members)

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34
Q

What is unanimity?

A

The extent that members of a majority agree with one another

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35
Q

What did the results of Asch’s experiment indicate about unanimity?

A

Asch’s experiment results indicate:
- Difficult to be a minority of one

- Difficult to stand against a group (regardless of when everyone is wrong and your right)
  • Only took one person to disagree to significantly affect conformity
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36
Q

What is normative influence?

A

When an individual conforms based on their desire to meet others’ expectations and be accepted

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37
Q

When does normative influence occur?

A
  • Occurs when conformity results from a need to be liked and accepted
  • Occurs when our response in a group situation is guided by one or more social norms
  • Awareness of these norms can be a powerful influence
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38
Q

What is informational influence?

A

When individuals change their attitude, beliefs or behaviours when group members provide new information or arguments

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39
Q

When does informational influence occur?

A

Occurs when conformity results from a need for direction + information on how to respond in a specific situation

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40
Q

What does informational influence do?

A

Leads people to accept other people’s views when they are uncertain

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41
Q

What is culture?

A

The way of life of a particular society or community that sets it apart from other societies or communities

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42
Q

How is culture passed on?

A

Generation to generation

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43
Q

What are some examples of culture?

A
  • Music
  • Traditions
  • Beliefs
  • Food
  • Attitudes
  • Language
  • Art
  • Customs
  • Values
  • Norms
44
Q

How does culture influence conformity?

A

Causes individuals to adjust their thoughts, feelings or behaviour to be consistent to a group and fit into expected standards

45
Q

Where did low levels of conformity occur in Asch’s experiment?

A

In individualist cultures

46
Q

Where did high levels of conformity occur in Asch’s experiment?

A

In collectivist cultures

47
Q

What is social loafing?

A

Tendency of an individual to make less effort when involved in a group activity

48
Q

When is social loafing less likely to influence conformity?

A

?

49
Q

What is groupthink?

A

A strong tendency to seek agreement when decision making or problem solving

50
Q

What does groupthink do?

A

Negatively affects the group decision-making process by overriding any realistic consideration of possible alternative, better options

51
Q

When is groupthink most likely to occur?

A
  • The group has a strong leader who takes charge and asserts their authority
  • The group is isolated from outside influences with little hope of finding a better solution than the one at hand
  • The group is under stress to make a difficult or important decision with a strict timeline
52
Q

How does groupthink affect groups?

A

Can cause groups to become:

  • Closed-minded*
  • Rationalise or justify their decisions as the only reasonable options*
  • Strive for quick and painless unanimous agreement
  • Dismiss other courses of action*
  • Become more and more convinced that their decision can’t be wrong
53
Q

What can groupthink lead to?

A

Can lead groups to:

  • Suppress personal doubts
  • Withhold disagreement (to avoid disapproval from other members)
  • Follow the group leaders’ suggestions
54
Q

What are the symptoms of groupthink?

A
  • Illusion of invulnerability
  • Moral correctness
  • Collective rationalisation
  • Outgroup stereotypes
  • Self-censorship
  • Direct pressure on dissenters
  • Illusion of unanimity
  • Self-appointed mind guards
55
Q

How can groupthink be prevented?

A
  • Groups should make a conscious effort to consider all information carefully and accurately
  • Groups should consult widely with non-group members
  • Groups should thoroughly and critically review the decisions once reached
56
Q

What is deinidividuation?

A

A psychological state characterised by reduced self-consciousness, inhibition, feelings of personal responsibility and inner restraint that can occur when in a group or crowd

57
Q

When is deindividuation more likely to occur?

A

When in a group or crowd

58
Q

When is deindividuation less likely to occur?

A

When individuals are alone or a group is quite small

59
Q

How can deindividuation be prevented?

A

Encouraging individual’s ideas

60
Q

What are sampling methods?

A

The process in which the researcher selects participants to partake in their research

61
Q

How can independence influence one’s behaviours?

A

?

62
Q

What are the advantages of experimental designs?

A
  • Researchers have better control over the variables which assists in obtaining results that are specific
  • Participants don’t impact the effectiveness of the study
  • A cause and effect relationship can be established
63
Q

What are the limitations of experimental designs?

A

The artificiality of the setting can result in unnatural behaviour from behaviours that don’t provide valid results

64
Q

What are the advantages + limitations of correlational studies?

A
  • None of the variables get manipulated
  • Won’t determine which variables have the most influence (BAD)
65
Q

What are the advatanges + limitations of causational studies?

A
  • Can help us understand the relationships between different variables
  • It can only identify the relationship between no more than two variables
  • Doesn’t prove the cause and effect between the variables
66
Q

What are the types of order effects?

A
  • Practice order effect
  • Boredom order effect
  • Fatigue order effect
  • Carryover order effect
67
Q

What is practice order effect?

A

Participants improve their cognitive test performance as a results of repeated exposure

68
Q

What is boredom order effect?

A

A decrease in task performance due to repeated content

69
Q

What is fatigue order effect?

A

Participant’s performance reduce towards the end of an experiment due to fatigue

70
Q

What is carryover order effect?

A

When the effects of receiving one treatment affects them in the upcoming conditions

71
Q

What is group polarisation?

A

Tendency of an individual group member to shift their initially held views to a more extreme position

72
Q

Whats social comparison?

A

The process of evaluating one’s attitudes and abilities and comparing it to others’

73
Q

Whats group cohesion?

A

All members feel a sense of belonging to the group, value and feel positive about the group and coordinate their efforts to achieve goals

74
Q

What does social comparison do?

A

The process of evaluating our attitudes and abilities and comparing it to others’

75
Q

What is a single-blind study?

A

A study where only the researcher conducting the study is aware of what treatment or intervention the participants will be receiving

76
Q

What are the pros and cons of a single blind study?

A
  • Less likely to be biased
77
Q

What is a double-blind study?

A

Neither the participants nor the researcher are aware of what treatment or intervention the participants will be receiving until the study is over

78
Q

What are the pros and cons of a double blind study?

A
  • Avoids the use of deception in the research process
  • Reduces the issue of experimenter bias
  • Some participants may have negative reactions towards the treatment item
  • Expensive
79
Q

What is a triple-blind study?

A

Neither the participants, experimenters or researchers are aware of what treatment or intervention the participants will be receiving

80
Q

What are the pros and cons of a triple-blind study?

A
  • Reduces bias
81
Q

What is a case study?

A

An in-depth analysis, study of a single person, group, event or community

82
Q

What are the advantages + limitations of a case study?

A
  • Allows researchers to gather + document information
  • Ability to see the relationships between variables
  • Difficult to draw a definite cause/effect
  • Researcher bias (researchers allow their own feelings to influence the case study)
83
Q

What is the difference between a case study and an experiment?

A

A case study is a research method where the researcher explores the subject in depth whereas an experiment refers to a research method involving two specific groups or variables used to test a hypothesis

84
Q

What does within subjects design?

A

Each individual participant experiences all the conditions and researchers test the same participants repeatedly to identify differences between conditions

85
Q

Whats a mixed design?

A

?

86
Q

Whats a control group?

A

A comparison group in a research study that don’t get exposed to the experimental treatment

87
Q

Whats an experimental group?

A

A group of participants in a research study who are exposed to a particular manipulation of the independent variable

88
Q

Whats repeatability?

A

The measure of the ability of a method to produce similar results after conducting the same experiment again

89
Q

Whats reproductibility?

A

The extent to which a study produces the same results when conducted by a different researcher

90
Q

Whats internal validity?

A

Whether the observed effects in a study are purely resulted by the manipulation of the independent variable and not some other factor

91
Q

Whats external validity?

A

The extent to which the results of a research study can be generalised to other settings

92
Q

Whats random sampling?

A

A process where every member of a target population share an equal chance of being selected

93
Q

Whats biased sampling?

A

A process where not all members of a target population share an equal chance of being selected

94
Q

Whats stratified sampling?

A

The researcher divides a population into groups that each represent a key characteristics that should be present in the final sample

95
Q

Whats situational sampling?

A

The observation of individuals in real life rather than in experimental situations

96
Q

Whats counterbalancing?

A

Participants are divided into two groups and each group has to perform a slightly different task

97
Q

Whats a non-participant observational study?

A

Involves observing participants without actively interacting with them

98
Q

What is an aggregation?

A

A collection of people in one location with no obvious social status or organisation that lack interdependence and barely have any direct interaction

99
Q

What is anti-conformity?

A

Deliberate refusal to comply with accepted standards in society

100
Q

What is compliance?

A

Changing one’s behaviour in response to a request to do so regardless of whether its made by an authority figure

101
Q

What is constructive obedience?

A

When there is compliance with the orders of an authority figure that results in a positive outcome

102
Q

What is destructive obedience?

A

When there is compliance with the orders of an authority figure that results in a negative outcome

103
Q

What is independence?

A

Freedom from the control or influence other individuals or groups

104
Q

What is a social group?

A

A group of two or more people who interact with and influence one another and share a common purpose

105
Q

What is psychological reactance?

A

An unpleasant motivational reaction to a potential threat to eliminate specific behavioural freedoms

106
Q

What is reactance?

A

A response to a perceive threat to freedom that may cause an individual to revel

107
Q

What is social influence?

A

The effects of the presence or actions of others on the way people think, feel and behave

Psychology (4 decks)

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