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Psychology > Conformity VCE ~ 14/10/23 > Flashcards

Conformity VCE ~ 14/10/23 Flashcards

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1
Q

How are people influenced by the presence of others?

A

Their behaviours, feelings and thoughts change

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of influences?

A
  • Real
  • Imagined
  • Intentional
  • Unintentional
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3
Q

What is an aggregation?

A

A collection of people in one location with no obvious social status or organisation that lack interdependence and barely have any direct interaction

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4
Q

What is a social group?

A

Any collection of two or more people that share a common purpose and interact whilst influencing one another

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5
Q

What is culture?

A

The way of life of a particular society or community which sets it apart from other societies and/or communities

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6
Q

How is culture passed down?

A

Generation to generation

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7
Q

What is culture the basis for?

A

Everyday behaviours and practices

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8
Q

What are some examples of culture?

A
  • Music
  • Traditions
  • Beliefs
  • Food
  • Attitudes
  • Language
  • Art
  • Customs
  • Values
    Norms
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9
Q

What can culture refer to?

A

Social groups within a community or perhaps places in which we interact

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10
Q

How does culture influence conformity?

A

Encouraging us to adjust our thoughts, feelings and behaviour in order to fit expected standards and be consistent to a group

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11
Q

Who conducted the experiment on conformity?

A

Asch

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12
Q

According to Asch’s experiment, where did low levels of conformity occur?

A

In individualist cultures

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13
Q

According to Asch’s experiment, where did high levels of conformity occur?

A

In collectivist cultures

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14
Q

What is social loafing?

A

Tendency of an individual to make less effort when involved in a group activity

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15
Q

When was social loafing first systematically studied and observed?

A

In a tug-of-war experiment involving 2 teams of 8 people

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16
Q

What were the results of the tug-of-war experiment?

A

Collective effort exerted by each team did not match the total of the individual efforts

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17
Q

What do social loafers do?

A

Conform to their group by applying less effort and agreeing to their group’s decisions

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18
Q

What do social loafers believe?

A

Their conforming will not make a difference in the group’s decisions

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19
Q

Who discovered social loafing?

A

Two American psychologists named Steven Karu and Kipling Williams

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20
Q

When was the social loafing experiment conducted?

A

1993

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21
Q

What did Karu and Williams do?

A

Analysed the results of 78 research studies

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22
Q

What did Karu and Williams discover?

A

Social loafing is less likely to influence conformity when:

  • The group is small
  • All group members place maximum effort
  • The task is important, challenging or appealing to those performing it
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23
Q

What factors influence conformity?

A
  • Group size
  • Unanimity
  • Informational influence
  • Normative influence
  • Culture
  • Social loafing
  • Group think
  • Deindividuation
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24
Q

How did Asch use group size in his experiment?

A
  • Asch varied group size in his experiments
  • 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9 or 15 confederates
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25
Q

What did Asch’s results indicate about unanimity?

A
  • Difficult to be a minority of one
  • Difficult to stand against a group (regardless of when everyone is wrong and your right)
  • Only takes one person to disagree to significantly affect conformity
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26
Q

When does informational influence occur?

A

When conformity results from a need for direction + information on how to respond in a specific situation

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27
Q

What does informational influence do?

A

Leads people to accept other people’s view when they are uncertain

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28
Q

When is informational influence more likely to lead to conformity?

A
  • Participants feel incompetent due to a difficult task
  • Participants are concerned about being right
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29
Q

When does normative influence occur?

A
  • When conformity results from a need to be liked and accepted
  • When our response in a group situation is guided by one or more social norms
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30
Q

When was the group polarisation research study conducted?

A

1960s

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31
Q

Who conducted the group polarisation experiment?

A

Brehm and Kassin

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32
Q

What does group discussion do?

A

Leads individuals to strengthen their original views

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33
Q

What happens to individuals after group discussions?

A

They are more likely to end up with more extreme positions

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34
Q

What does talking it over intensify?

A

Pre-existing attitudes, beliefs and opinions

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35
Q

What is anti-conformity?

A

Deliberate refusal to comply with accepted standards in society

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36
Q

What expressions is anti-conformity often accompanied by?

A
  • Ideas
  • Beliefs
  • Judgements that challenge those standards
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37
Q

What are anti-conforming people more likely to be motivated by?

A

Rebelliousness or stubborness

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38
Q

What is independence?

A

Freedom from the influence or control of other individuals or groups

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39
Q

What happens when social pressure to conform becomes so strong?

A

It threatens independence which causes rebelliousness

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40
Q

What are the positive influences of television?

A
  • Develops learning skills
  • Expands knowledge + understanding of other languages
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41
Q

What are the negative influences of television?

A
  • Leads to a lack of sleep
  • Damages eye sight
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42
Q

What are the positive influences of video games?

A
  • Develops problem solving skills
  • Improves decision making
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43
Q

What are the negative influences of video games?

A
  • Encourages violence + inappropriate language
  • Causes detachment from reality
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44
Q

What are the positive influences of social media?

A
  • Build relationships
  • Helps find your voice
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45
Q

What are the negative influences of social media?

A
  • Exposes people to bullying, rumours, discrimination, peer pressure, sexualising etc
  • Mentally and emotionally draining
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46
Q

What are the positive influences of advertising?

A
  • Helps in market penetration
  • Encourages companies to compete in order to make new + better products
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47
Q

What are the negative influences of advertising?

A
  • Promotes more consumerism
  • Encourages people to carelessly spend money
48
Q

What is a controlled variable?

A

A variable that remains constant and unchanged throughout the experiment with no effect on the DV

49
Q

What is primary data?

A

Data collected by the researcher to test a hypothesis

50
Q

What is secondary data?

A

Data collected by someone other than the original user and is used for their own purpose

51
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Numerical information on the amount of what is being studied

52
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

Information about the characteristics of what’s being studied often in the form of descriptions, words or pictures

53
Q

What are extraneous variables?

A

Any variable other than the IV that can cause a change in the DV in an unwanted way

54
Q

How do extraneous variables effect the experiment results?

A

It makes it difficult to confidently conclude that the change in the DV was purely caused by the presence of the IV and not any other variables

55
Q

What are confounding variables?

A

Any variable other than the IV that has unwanted effects on the DV which makes it impossible to determine which of the variables produced the predicted change in the DV, thus confusing the results

56
Q

What are the types of extraneous variables?

A
  • Participant variables
  • Situational variables
  • Demand characteristics
  • Experimenter effects
  • Placebo effect
57
Q

What is a participant variable?

A

Individual characteristics such as IQ, experience or age

58
Q

How can participant variables be controlled?

A
  • Random allocations
  • Experimental and control groups have similar characteristics
  • Even spread of people (good balance between their individual characteristics)
59
Q

What are situational variables?

A

External factors that correspond to the participant’s experimental setting

60
Q

What do situational variables do?

A

They have the potential to influence a participant’s responses

61
Q

What are some examples of situational variables?

A
  • Temperature
  • Sound
  • Light
62
Q

How can situational variables be controlled?

A

Keep participants in observed environments

63
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

Cues in an experiment that may influence or bias a participant’s response

64
Q

What do demand characteristics do?

A

Suggests what responses the experimenter wants or expects

65
Q

How does demand characteristics affect participants?

A

Leads them to respond in a certain way

66
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

Administered or fake medication that can be applied to our daily lives

67
Q

How does the placebo effect affect participants?

A

Participants act according to the drug by acting as if its effective

68
Q

How can the placebo effect be controlled?

A

Switch groups

69
Q

What is the experimenter effect?

A

Any influence the experimenter may have on the results

70
Q

How does the experimenter effect work?

A

The experimenter’s presence impacts the participant’s behaviour

71
Q

What are ethics?

A

Standards that quide individuals to identify good, desirable or acceptable conduct

72
Q

What are the 5 ethical concepts?

A
  • Beneficence
  • Integrity
  • Justice
  • Non-maleficence
  • Respect
73
Q

What is beneficence?

A

Maximising benefits and minimising risks and harm when taking a course of action

74
Q

What’s an example of beneficence?

A

There must be better health outcomes for the participants than risks associated with the particular drug in a drug study

75
Q

What is integrity?

A

Honest reporting of results regardless of whether they’re favourable or not

76
Q

What is justice?

A

Ensuring fair consideration of competing claims without any unfair burdens on a particular group

77
Q

What’s an example of justice?

A

Researchers must use fair procedures and ensure that the research benefits would fairly benefit the participants and wider population

78
Q

What is non-maleficence?

A

Avoiding the causation of harm

79
Q

What happens if maleficence (harm) is caused?

A

It should be disproportionate to the benefits

80
Q

What’s an example of non-maleficence?

A

In a drug study, experimenters must ensure there is no harm caused and if there potential to inflict harm then it should be justified and outweighs the benefit

81
Q

What is respect (ethics)?

A

To consider that living things have intrinsic and instrumental value

82
Q

What are some examples of respect (ethics)?

A
  • Regard their welfare
  • Liberty
  • Perceptions
  • Autonomy
  • Customs
  • Culture heritage of the individual and the collective
83
Q

What are the ethical guidelines/ethical considerations?

A
  • Confidentiality
  • Debriefing
  • Informed consent procedures
  • Use of deception in research
  • Voluntary participation
  • Withdrawal rights
84
Q

What is confidentiality?

A

Privacy, protection and security of a participant’s personal information

85
Q

What happens to unneeded personal informaton?

A

It should be destroyed or de-identified

86
Q

What is debriefing?

A

At the end of the experiment, the experimenter informs participants on the aim of the experiment as well as the results they gained and the conclusions they made so that the participants leave with an understanding of the purpose of their participation and the effect it had

87
Q

What happens during the debriefing stage to ensure the wellbeing of the participants?

A

Support is provided to ensure no harm from their involvement in the study and addressing any harm caused to the participant is essential

88
Q

What is informed consent procedures?

A

Participants are aware of personal risks before agreeing to participate in the study and have an understanding of the experiment’s nature and purpose

89
Q

What happens if participants can’t provide consent?

A

A parent or guardian should provide consent for them

90
Q

What happens if participants aren’t competent to give informed consent?

A

Research should obtain appropriate consent

91
Q

Is the use of deception in research allowed?

A

Yes but its usually discouraged

92
Q

What is the purpose of the use of deception?

A

To avoid fake behaviour

93
Q

Who is the use of deception allowed for an why?

A

Participants who know the true purpose of the study (avoid fake behaviour)

94
Q

What is voluntary participation?

A

Voluntary consent

95
Q

What are the rules surrounding voluntary participation?

A
  • Participants can not be coerced or pressurised into participating
  • Participants shouldn’t experience negative consequences for rejecting the offer to participate
96
Q

What are withdrawal rights?

A

Participants have the rights to discontinue at any time during or after the conclusion of an experiment without penalty

97
Q

What happens if participants withdraws?

A

Their data should be removed

98
Q

What is compliance?

A

Changing one’s behaviour in response to a request to do so, even if not made by an authority figure

99
Q

What is constructive obedience?

A

When there is compliance with the orders of an authority that results in a positive outcome

100
Q

What is constructive obedience?

A

When there is compliance with the orders of an authority that results in a positive outcome

101
Q

What is deindividuation?

A

Reduced self-awareness, inhibition, feelings of personal responsibility and inner restraint that can occur when in a group or crowd

102
Q

What is destructive obedience?

A

When there is compliance with the orders of an authority that results in a negative outcome

103
Q

What does the term group polarisation mean?

A

The tendency of an individual group member, following group discussion, to shift their initially held views to a more extreme position (in the same general direction)

104
Q

What is groupthink?

A

The strong tendency to seek agreement when decision-making or problem-solving

105
Q

What is obedience?

A

Following the commands of someone with authority, or the rules or laws of our society

106
Q

What is psychological reactance?

A

An unpleasant motivational reaction that occur when people experience a threat to eliminate specific behavioral freedoms

107
Q

What is reactance?

A

A response to a perceived threat to freedom that may cause an individual to rebel

108
Q

What is social comparison?

A

The process of evaluating our attitudes and abilities by comparing ourselves to others

109
Q

What is social influence?

A

The effects of the presence or actions of others, either real or imagined, on the way people think, feel and behave

110
Q

What is social media?

A

Apps and website that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social interaction

111
Q

What are the symptoms of groupthink?

A
  • lllusion of invulnerability
  • Moral correctness
  • Collective rationalisation
  • Outgroup stereotypes
  • Self-censorship
  • Direct pressure on dissenters
  • Illusion of unanimity
  • Self-appointed mind guards
112
Q

Who discovered groupthink?

A

Irving Janis

113
Q

When was groupthink discovered?

A

1972

114
Q

What did Janis do?

A

Analysed historical records of participants and observers involved in bad group decisions of national significance

115
Q

Why does Janis use the term ‘symptom’?

A

He viewed groupthink as a social disease that could infect a group

116
Q

What were the suggestion Janis made on how to prevent groupthink?

A
  • Make conscious efforts to consider all information carefully and accurately
  • Groups should consult widely with outsiders (non-group members)
  • Should thoroughly and critically review the decisions once reached (before settled or implemented)
  • Groups should have a leaders who genuinely encourages constructive criticism
117
Q

What is social proximity?

A

The tendency for individuals to form interpersonal relations with those who are close by

Psychology (4 decks)

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