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Social Psychology > Obedience > Flashcards

Obedience Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two theories of obedience?

A

Milgrams agency theory

Social Impact theory

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2
Q

What is the autonomous state

A

We are free thinking and able to make our own decision and take responsibility for our actions

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3
Q

What is the agentic state

A

Occurs when we are faced with an authority figure, we are acting as agents of others and we displace responsibility for our actions onto the authority figure

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4
Q

What is the agentic shift

A

When faced with an authority figure individuals will move from the autonomous state to the agentic state

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5
Q

What is moral strain

A

When an individual is given orders by an authority figure that goes against their morals, causing extreme discomfort

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6
Q

How did Milgram explain the fact humans are so obedient?

A

Socialisation from socialising agents such as teachers and parents, hierarchical society

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7
Q

Describe displacement

A

Once fully in the agentic state moral strain is relieved as responsibility has been displaced onto the authority figure

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8
Q

What are the findings of Milgrams original study that support agency theory

A

100% -> 300v
65% -> 450v
Faced with authority figure went to this voltage

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9
Q

What is a theory of obedience that is more testable than Agency Theory?

A

Social Impact Theory

O=SxIxN

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10
Q

What are sources

A

An individual who is trying to influence someone

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11
Q

What is a target?

A

An individual that someone is trying to influence

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12
Q

What is the formula for Social Impact Theory

A

Obedience = strength x immediacy x number

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13
Q

In Social Impact Theory what does “Strength” refer to

A

How important the influencer (source) is to you

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14
Q

In social Impact Theory what does “Immediacy” mean?

A

How close the source is to the target in space and time

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15
Q

In Social Impact Theory what does “Number” mean?

A

How many sources are present

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16
Q

In Social Impact Theory, what is the multiplication effect

A

The greater the strength, immediacy and number, the greater the chance of obedience

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17
Q

In Social Impact Theory, what is the division effect

A

This refers to when there are less sources than targets

18
Q

Why is Social Impact Theory testable? Why might it not be completely testable?

A

It is a formulaic theory, however elements are still relatively subjective

19
Q

Which of milgrams variations support the “strength” part of Social Impact Theory? And why does it support it?

A

Variation 13 -> the ordinary man condition

16/20 refused to participate and the remaining 20% went to the full 450v

20
Q

What variation (milgrams) supports the “immediacy” part of Social Impact Theory? And why?

A

Variation 7, as only 22.5% went to 450v

21
Q

Does Social Impact Theory have good application?

A

Yes it allows psychologists to mathematically predict the chances of someone being obedient

22
Q

Why might Social Impact Theory be too simplistic?

A

Does not take individual differences into account, it stated you are either obedient or not

23
Q

What was milgrams aim?

A

To see if behaviour shown by the Nazis during the holocaust was a German trait or human trait

To establish a baseline measure of how far naive pp would go when asked to shock an innocent learner

24
Q

What was Milgrams sample? And how did he gather his pp?

A

40 men, who were all American

Volunteer sample, gathered via an advertisement in a newspaper

25
Q

What type of experiment was milgrams research and at what uni was it conducted

A

Lab experiment

Yale

26
Q

Who was Mr Wallace in Milgrams experiment

A

A stooge who pretended to lose the rigged lottery in order to become the learner

27
Q

Describe milgrams procedure

A
  • pp introduced to Mr Wallace
  • pp took part in rigged lots
  • pp always teacher
  • pp shown electric apparatus and given a 45volt shock
  • shown Mr Wallace strapped up
  • taken next door, meet researcher
  • told that if the learner got a word pair wrong they had to administer an increasingly intensive shock
  • if they went to stop they were given 5 verbal prods
28
Q

What were milgrams findings?

A

65% -> 450v
100% -> 300v
pp showed moral strain (shaking and sweating)

29
Q

Level of generalisability in Milgrams experiment

A

Low,

Androcentric and only used Americans

However it could be argued Milgram only used Americans because he wanted to see if Americans would mimick behaviour and research has been done (meeus and Raaijmaker) showing that milgrams results are similar in other countries

30
Q

Level of reliability in Milgrams experiment?

A

High,

Standardised procedure as set events happened in a set order, such as pp given 45v shock then taken next door to meet the other researcher, easily repeatable, increasing reliability

31
Q

Do milgrams findings have good applications?

A

Yes,

As they can be used to explain real life events and why people may commit terrible acts such as those during the holocaust when faced with an authority figure

32
Q

Is Milgrams experiment valid?

A

Low,

Done in an artificial setting

However,
Some research (Hofling) has been done in a more natural setting and found similar results
33
Q

Which ethical guidelines, if any, did Milgram break?

A

Protection from harm -> mentally, some had fits, physically 45v shock
Informed consent
Right to withdraw (arguable)
Deception

34
Q

Why may it be difficult to criticise milgrams procedure ethically

A

Very good debrief
If pp aware Social desirability
Met with a board of psychologists before the experiment and they estimated only 1% would go to 150v and they would be psychopaths, so results did surprise everyone
Provided free psychological support for those in the study

35
Q

Which one was milgrams variation 7

A

Telephonic instructions

Only 22.5% went to 450v

36
Q

Which one was milgrams experiment 10

A

Rundown office block

Only 47.5% went to 450v

37
Q

Which one was milgrams experiment 13

A

Ordinary man gives orders

16/20 refused to participate and the remaining 20% went to 450v

38
Q

What are the factors that impact obedience and dissent

A

Personality - RWA, compliant, rebellious

Gender - kilham and Mann - females less obedient that makes (40%vs16%), however methodologically flawed, Sheridan and king 13 uni students and puppy, Blass found no difference across 9 studies

Situation - think about SIT factors

Culture - collectivist vs individualistic

39
Q

What is the definition of obedience

A

Compliance with commands given by a perceived figure of authority, give an example

40
Q

Culture and obedience

A

Shanab -> obedience higher in collectivist Jordan

Meeus and Raaijmaker 83% obedience in Netherlands
However, a study in Australia found only 43%

Social Psychology (8 decks)

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