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OBGYN > OB Pharmacology > Flashcards

OB Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What should we treat spontaneous abortion with?

A

Misoprostol (Cytotec)

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2
Q

SPONTANEOUS ABORTION: Products of conception are evacuated in 3 ways?

A
  1. Surgical
    Unstable, significant bleeding, infection or want immediate treatment
  2. Medical
    Those who do not want to wait for spontaneous passage
  3. Expectant
    Will eventually pass naturally (days to weeks)
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3
Q

MISOPROSTOL IS THE MAIN DRUG FOR MEDICAL MANAGEMENT

  1. MOA?
  2. For which type of abortions? 2
  3. Off label use? 2
A
  1. Prostaglandin E1 analog and induces uterine contractions
    • For missed abortion
    • For incomplete abortion
  3. Unlabeled uses
    - Cervical ripening (intravaginally)
    - Treatment of post partum hemorrhage
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4
Q

PRETERM LABOR

What drugs should we use? 2

A
  1. Tocolytics

2. Corticosteroids

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5
Q

GOALS OF TOCOLYTICS

3

A
  1. Delay delivery by at least 48 hours to allow the administration of corticosteroids for fetal lung maturity
  2. Provide time for transport of the mother to a higher level of care
  3. Stop labor to allow the underlying medical condition that stimulated labor to clear
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6
Q

BENEFITS OF TOCOLYTICS NEED TO OUTWEIGH THE RISKS
1. Used on what timeline?
2. Contraindications? (main one?)
9

A
  1. Generally not used past 34 weeks of gestation and controversial use any earlier than 22 weeks
  2. -Contraindicated when the baby or the mother are unstable**
    Review of contraindications
    -Fetal demise,
    -lethal fetal anomaly,
    -nonreassuring fetal status,
    -severe preeclampsia or
    -eclampsia,
    -maternal hemorrhage,
    -intraamniotic infection,
    -maternal contraindication to the tocolytic drug
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7
Q

WHAT IS THE DOC AT 24-32 WEEKS GESTATION for preterm labor?

A

INDOMETHACIN

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8
Q

INDOMETHACIN

  1. MOA?
  2. Maternal SE? 5
A
  1. Decreases prostaglandin production through inhibition of cyclooxygenase

Maternal side effects

  1. Nausea,
  2. GE reflux,
  3. gastritis,
  4. emesis
  5. Platelet dysfunction
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9
Q
  1. FETAL SIDE EFFECTS OF INDOMETHACIN

2. Neonatal complications associated with use? 5

A
    • Constriction of ductus arteriosus
    • Oligohydramnios
  2. -Bronchopulmonary dysplasia,
    -necrotizing enterocolitis,
    -PDA,
    -periventricular leukomalacia,
    -intraventricular hemorrhage
    Data is conflicting
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10
Q

INDOMETHACIN

  1. Constriction of ductus arteriosus if drug is given when?
  2. More likely to occur in what gestational week?
  3. What is Oligohydramnios?
A
  1. If drug given > 48 hrs
  2. More likely to occur past 32 weeks
  3. Drug decreases fetal urine output therefore decreasing amniotic fluid volume
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11
Q

INDOMETHACIN
1. Maternal contraindications? 6

  1. Monitoring: If given > 48 hours then need what?
A
  1. Maternal contraindications
    - Platelet dysfunction
    - Bleeding disorders
    - Hepatic dysfunction
    - GI ulcers
    - Renal dysfunction
    - Asthma if also sensitive to ASA
  2. fetal US to evaluate for oligohydramnios and narrowing of the ductus arteriosus
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12
Q

What is second line therapy for preterm labor?

A

NIFEDIPINE FOR SECOND LINE THERAPY

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13
Q
  1. NIFEDIPINE MOA?
  2. Associated with what?
  3. Maternal SE? 6
A
  1. Calcium channel blocker which results in myometrial relaxation and peripheral vasodilation
  2. Associated with fewer maternal side effects compared to magnesium sulfate
  3. Maternal side effects
    - Nausea,
    - flushing,
    - headache,
    - dizziness,
    - palpitations
    - Can cause severe hypotension
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14
Q

NIFEDIPINE
1. Contraindications? 4

  1. Precaution? 1
A
  1. Contraindications
    - Hypotension,
    - preload dependent cardiac lesion,
    - use cautiously in LV dysfunction -CHF
  2. Precaution
    Do not use in conjunction with magnesium sulfate as they can act synergistically to suppress muscle contraction and result in respiratory depression
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15
Q

NIFEDIPINE PHARMACOKINETICS

  1. Half life?
  2. Peak plasma concentration?
  3. Metabolized and excreted through what?
A
  1. Half life 2-3 hours
  2. Peak plasma concentrations in 30-60 minutes
  3. Metabolized through the liver and excreted by the kidneys
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16
Q

32-34 WEEKS GESTATION (preterm labor)

  1. DOC?
  2. Second line?
  3. Maternal SE? 8
A
  1. Nifedipine is the DOC
  2. Second line therapy is a Beta-adrenergic receptor agonist
    - Terbutaline is the most commonly used in the US
  3. Maternal side effects
    - Tachycardia,
    - palpitations,
    - hypotension,
    - tremor,
    - shortness of breath,
    - chest discomfort,
    - hypokalemia,
    - hyperglycemia
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17
Q

BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR AGONISTS

  • Contraindications? 3
  • Do not use longer than what?
A

Contraindications

  1. Tachycardia sensitive cardiac disease
  2. Uncontrolled hyperthyroidism or DM
  3. Use with caution in placenta previa or abruption due to risk of hypovolemia and shock
  4. Do not use longer then 48-72 hours
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18
Q

MONITORING in preterm labor?

4

A
  1. I/O’s
  2. Maternal symptoms of shortness of breath, CP, tachycardia
  3. Stop drug if maternal HR > 120
  4. Check blood glucose and K+ every 4-6 hours
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19
Q

OTHER TOCOLYTICS

Third line treatment?

A

Magnesium sulfate

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20
Q

CORTICOSTEROIDS
Reduces the incidence of the following by 50%?
5

A
  1. respiratory distress syndrome
  2. intraventricular hemorrhage
  3. necrotizing enterocolitis
  4. sepsis
  5. neonatal mortality
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21
Q

ANTENATAL CORTICOSTEROIDS

  1. Used in which weeks?
  2. Whats preferred?
  3. Other option?
A
  1. 23-34 weeks
  2. Betamethasone (preferred)
    12 mg IM q 24 hrs X 2
  3. Dexamethasone (use non-sulfite containing suspension otherwise neurotoxicity of fetus)
    6 mg IM q 12 hrs X 4
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22
Q

INDICATIONS FOR ABX PROPHYLAXIS for Group B strep

4

A
  1. Positive rectovaginal culture
  2. Positive history of birth of an infant with early onset GBS disease
  3. GBS bacteriuria during current pregnancy
  4. Unknown culture status AND
    - Maternal fever ≥ 100.4 OR
    - Preterm labor less than 37 weeks OR
    - Prolonged rupture of the membranes ≥ 18 hours
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23
Q

GROUP B STREP

Don’t give abx prophylaxis for GBS positive patient undergoing what?

A

planned c-section unless their membranes rupture

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24
Q

ANTIBIOTIC REGIMEN

Group B Strep? 2

A
  1. Penicillin G
    5 million U IV then 2.3-3 million U q 4 hours until delivery
  2. OR Ampicillin
    2 g IV followed by 1g q 4 hours until delivery
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25
Q

ANTIBIOTIC REGIMEN
Group B Strep for PCN allergic pts:

  1. Low risk for anaphylaxis?
  2. High risk for anaphylaxis to PCN then use? 2
A

PCN allergic patients

  1. Cephazolin (Ancef) 2g IV then 1g q 8 hours until delivery
    • Clindamycin (if known to be susceptible)
    • OR Vancomycin 1g IV q 12 hours until delivery
26
Q

PREMATURE RUPTURE OF THE MEMBRANES: ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS
1. What may be the cause of the premature rupture? 2

  1. Tx? 3
  2. If PCN allergy? 3
A
    • Infection may be the cause of the premature labor or may be a
    • consequence of premature rupture of the membranes
    • 1g azithromycin on admission
    • Followed by ampicillin 2 g IV q 6 hr X 48 hrs
    • Followed by amoxicillin 875mg BID X 5 days
  3. If PCN allergy
    - Clindamycin 900 mg IV q 8 h X 48 h
    - + gentamycin 7 mg/kg IBW q 24 h X 2
    - Followed by Clindamycin 300 mg q 8 h X 5 days
27
Q

ADDITIONAL MEDICAL THERAPY: for premature membrane rupture?

2

A
  1. Tocolytics are often given to delay delivery in the presence of uterine contractions
  2. Corticosteroids may be indicated
28
Q

POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE
Which drugs to use?
4

A
  1. Oxytocin
  2. Misoprostol
  3. Carboprost tromethamine
  4. Methylergonovine maleate
29
Q

POST PARTUM HEMORRHAGE UTEROTONIC DRUGS

  1. DOC?
  2. Then add? 3
A
  1. Oxytocin is the uterotonic DOC
    • Add Misoprostol
    • Add Methylergonovine
    • Add Carboprost tromethamine (Hemabate
30
Q

POST PARTUM HEMORRHAGE UTEROTONIC DRUGS

OXYTOCIN

  1. Administered how?
  2. If already on an infusion do what?
  3. If no IV access do what?
A
  1. 40 U in 1 L saline infuse at 10-40 ml/min
  2. increase the dose
  3. give 10 U IM
31
Q

POST PARTUM HEMORRHAGE UTEROTONIC DRUGS

MISOPROSTOL (CYTOTEC)

  1. MOA?
  2. Peak concentration?
  3. Adverse reactions? 2
A
  1. Synthetic prostaglandin that stimulates uterine contractions
  2. Peak concentration 30 min post SL, 40-60 min post PR
  3. Adverse reactions
    - GI – diarrhea, abd pain, constipation, dyspepsia, flatulence, N/V
    - CNS - Headache
32
Q

POST PARTUM HEMORRHAGE UTEROTONIC DRUGS

METHYLERGONOVINE (METHERGINE)

  1. Class of drug?
  2. MOA?
  3. Administered?
  4. Dont give how?
  5. Contraindicated? 3
A
  1. Ergot alkaloid
  2. Acts directly on the smooth muscle and increases uterine tone and strength and frequency of contractions
  3. 200 mcg IM or intramyometrial
    Q 2 h up to 5 doses
  4. Do not give IV
  5. Contraindicated
    - HTN,
    - Raynaud’s,
    - Scleroderma
33
Q

POST PARTUM HEMORRHAGE UTEROTONIC DRUGS

CARBOPROST TROMETHAMINE (HEMABATE)

  1. Delivered how?
  2. Max dose?
  3. Peak plasma concentration?
  4. Do not give how?
  5. Contraindicated in who? 4
A
  1. 250 mcg IM Q 15-90 min prn
  2. Max dose 2 mg (8 doses)
  3. Peak plasma concentration 30 min
  4. Do not give IV
  5. Contraindicated in
    - asthma,
    - HTN,
    - renal failure and
    - reduced cardiac output
34
Q

PREECLAMPSIA
SEVERE HTN DURING LABOR
Which meds? 3

A
  1. IV labetalol
  2. Or IV hydralazine
  3. Or PO nifedipine
35
Q

SEIZURE PROPHYLAXIS WITH what?

A

MAGNESIUM SULFATE

36
Q
  1. All cases of preeclampsia should be treated with magnesium sulfate during labor to prevent _______?
  2. Seizure prophylaxis with magnesium sulfate does not prevent what?
A
  1. seizures

2. the progression of preeclampsia

37
Q

MAGNESIUM SULFATE

  1. Adjust dose with what?
  2. Continue for ___ hours after delivery
  3. MOA?
  4. Normal magnesium plasma levels are ______ mEq/L
A
  1. renal insufficiency
  2. 24
  3. blocks neuromuscular transmission and decreases the amount of acetylcholine at the end plate of the motor neuron impulse
  4. 1.5-2.5
38
Q

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ELEVATED MAGNESIUM LEVELS
1. Plasma level 4 mEq/L?

  1. Plasma level of 8-10 mEq/L?
  2. Plasma level 10-15 mEq/L?
  3. Plasma level 20-25 mEq/L?
  4. What should we do to treat toxic levels of magnesium?
A
  1. Deep tendon reflexes decrease
  2. Deep tendon reflexes absent
  3. Respiratory Paralysis
  4. Cardiac arrest
  5. Calcium gluconate 1 g IV over 10 min to
39
Q

MAGNESIUM SULFATE
1. Blood levels checked q 4-6 hours to maintain therapeutic level (_______ mEq/L)?

  1. Other side effects? 6
  2. Contraindications? 3
  3. Do not use in conjunction with a what?
A
  1. 4.8-8.4
    • flushing, diaphoresis, warmth,
    • nausea, vomiting,
    • headache,
    • muscle weakness,
    • visual disturbance,
    • palpitations
    • heart block,
    • myocardial damage,
    • myasthenia gravis
  4. calcium channel blocker
40
Q

Induction of labor DOC?

A

Oxytocin (Pitocin)

41
Q

OXYTOCIN (PITOCIN)

  1. MOA? 2
  2. Contraindications?
A
    • Stimulates uterine contractions by activation of G-protein-coupled receptors that trigger increased intracellular calcium levels
  • Also increases prostaglandin production
    2. Contraindications are basically conditions in which you would want to avoid vaginal delivery
42
Q

OXYTOCIN ADVERSE REACTIONS: Maternal?

4

A
  1. CV – arrhythmias, HTN
  2. GI – nausea, vomiting
  3. GU – pelvic hematoma, postpartum hemorrhage, uterine hypertonicity, uterine rupture
  4. Severe water intoxication with seizure, coma and death associated with a slow infusion over 24 hours
43
Q

OXYTOCIN ADVERSE EFFECTS
Fetal?
5

A
  1. CV – arrhythmia, bradycardia
  2. CNS – brain damage, seizures
  3. Hepatic - jaundice
  4. Ocular – retinal hemorrhage
  5. Other – death, low Apgar score
44
Q

COMMON DISORDERS with OB Pharm? 5

A
  1. Diarrhea
  2. Constipation
  3. GERD
  4. Cough and cold symptoms
  5. Analgesics
45
Q

DIARRHEA
Tx?
3

A
  1. Oral rehydration and
  2. dietary changes are best and
  3. loperamide should only be used in small amounts and ONLY if symptoms are disabling and conservative measures have not worked
46
Q

CONSTIPATION

  1. First line?
  2. Second line?
  3. What are the drugs in this category? 4
A
  1. First line increase dietary fiber and fluids
  2. Bulk forming laxatives are the preferred treatment as they are not absorbed
    • Psyllium (Metamucil)
    • Methylcellulose (Citrucel)
    • Calcium polycarbofil (Fibercon)
    • Wheat dextrin (Benefiber)
47
Q

CONSTIPATION
Treatment of refractory cases for occasional use
3

What should we avoid and why? 2

A

Minimal absorption
1. Lactulose - category B
2. Bisacodyl (Dulcolax) generally considered safe
3. Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia)
Magnesium crosses the placenta but is determined to be safe

AVOID

  1. Castor oil – stimulates contractions
  2. Mineral oil – interferes with vitamin absorption
48
Q

GERD: Tx?

4

A
  1. Lifestyle modification
  2. Sulcralfate 1g po TID is the preferred agent after failure of lifestyle and antacids
  3. H2 receptor blockers
  4. PPIs
49
Q

GERD
1. What kind of lifestyle modifications are good for this? 3

  1. If failure of what use H2 blockers?
  2. Which ones? 2
  3. Which PPIs would you use? 3
A
    • Elevation of the head of the bed,
    • dietary modification,
    • antacids prn
  2. If failure of Sulcralfate then
    • Ranitidine (Zantac) or
    • Cimetidine (Tagamet) both PG category B
    • Lansoprazole (Prevacid) (cat B)
    • Pantoprazole (Protonix) (cat B)
    • Omeprazole (Prilosec) (cat C)
50
Q

COLD SYMPTOMS
Tx?
5

A
  1. Heated, humidified air for congestion symptoms
  2. Acetaminophen for sore throat, fever or headache
  3. Saline nasal spray or irrigation
  4. Ipatropium bromide (Atrovent) nasal spray for Rhinorrhea
  5. (Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) AVOID in 1st trimester - single doses in 3rd trimester don’t seem to have long term effects except for fetal tachycardia)- Nasal congestion
51
Q

COUGH SUPPRESSANT
Rx?
3

A
  1. Inhalation of warm, humidified air
  2. Dextromethorphan (Robitussin)
    Category C
  3. Guaifenesin (Mucinex)
    Category C
52
Q

ANALGESICS

  1. Cat?
  2. Small but statistically significant correlation between acetaminophen use during pregnancy and what in offspring?
  3. May also be associated with what in early childhood?
  4. Still the DOC for what?

Need to weigh the risks and benefits when treating fever

A
  1. C
  2. ADD behavior
  3. wheezing and asthma
  4. maternal pain and fever
53
Q

ANALGESICS

  1. ______ should be avoided
  2. Prior to 30 weeks category __?
  3. Close to conception may cause what?
  4. Other complications that may result? 2
  5. After 30 weeks category___?
    - why?
A
  1. NSAIDs
  2. C
  3. miscarriage
    • Cardiovascular anomalies
    • Cleft lip/palate
  5. D
    - Premature closure of the ductus and all kinds of other significant abnormalities
54
Q

DRUGS THAT STIMULATE OVULATION

2

A
  1. Clomiphene (Clomid)

2. Metformin (Glucophage)

55
Q

CLOMIPHENE (CLOMID)

  1. Class of drug?
  2. MOA? 5
A
  1. Class: Ovulation stimulator, selective estrogen receptor modifier
    • Inhibits normal estrogenic negative feedback
    • Impairment of the feedback signal results in increased pulsatile GnRH secretion from the hypothalamus
    • (FSH, LH) release
    • Which leads to growth of the ovarian follicle
    • Followed by follicular rupture
56
Q

CLOMIPHENE (CLOMID)

  1. Start on which day of the mentrual cycle?
  2. Timing of intercourse should be when?
  3. Dose adjustment?
A
  1. Start the 5th day of the menstrual cycle
  2. Timing of intercourse 5-10 days after completion of the 5 day course
  3. Dose adjustment
    Subsequent doses may be increased to 100 mg once daily for 5 days only if ovulation does not occur at the initial dose
57
Q

CLOMIPHENE (CLOMID)

  1. If we need a repeat course when should we do it?
  2. Exclude what before we start?
  3. What dose should be used?
A

Repeat courses

  1. If needed, the 5-day cycle may be repeated as early as 30 days after the previous one
  2. Exclude the presence of pregnancy
  3. The lowest effective dose should be used
58
Q

CLOMIPHENE (CLOMID)
1. Max dose?

  1. Discontinue when?
A
  1. 100 mg once daily for 5 days for up to 6 cycles
  2. Discontinue if ovulation does not occur after 3 courses of treatment; or if 3 ovulatory responses occur but pregnancy is not achieved.
59
Q

METFORMIN (GLUCOPHAGE)

  1. Class?
  2. Associated with what? 3
  3. Compare the live birth rate with Metformin?
  4. In addition to hormonal benefits by its insulin it may also help with what?
A
  1. Class: Biguanide
  2. Associated with
    - increased menstrual cyclicity
    - improved ovulation
    - reduction in circulating androgen levels
  3. Live birth rate is not as high as that with clomid
  4. In addition to hormonal benefits by its reduction in insulin, it also may help stimulate weight loss
60
Q

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
1. PCOS patients may be what?

  1. Insulin stimulates ovarian what?
  2. Suppresses the what of sex hormone-binding globulin?
  3. The increased intraovarian androgens then disrupt what?
  4. _____________ may also directly cause premature follicular atresia and antral follicle arrest
  5. The resulting anovulation also leads to unopposed estrogen production and endometrial proliferation in women with PCOS, leading to an increased risk of what?
A
  1. insulin resistant
  2. theca cell androgen production and secretion
  3. hepatic production
  4. folliculogenesis
  5. Hyperinsulinemia
  6. endometrial hyperplasia

OBGYN (17 decks)

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