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OBGYN > Menopause > Flashcards

Menopause Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is menopause?
  2. Median age?
  3. Elevation of what is not needed for women over 45?
A
  1. Permanent cessation of menses
    - Defined retrospectively after 12 months of no menses (Without any other explanation)
  2. Median age around 51.4
  3. Elevated FSH not needed for dx in woman over 45
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2
Q

NATURAL MENOPAUSE:

  1. Represents depletion of what?
  2. manifested by what? 3
  3. Ovarian continues to make what?
  4. _________ is converted from androstenedione in fat cells
A
  1. ovarian follicles
    • low estrogen production,
    • elevated FSH and
    • loss of natural reproductive ability
  3. testosterone
  4. Estrone (E1)
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3
Q
  1. What is surgical menopause?
  2. Premature ovarian insufficiency?
  3. What is Perimenopause?
  4. What is it characterized by? 4
A
  1. SURGICAL MENOPAUSE:
    Removal of both ovaries before natural menopause
  2. PREMATURE OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY:
    Menopause before age 40
  3. “Menopausal Transition” of about 4 years beginning around age 47
    • Wide fluctuations of estrogen,
    • hot flushes,
    • decreased ovulation and
    • irregular menses
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4
Q

Menopause: Influences
1. Not influenced by? 5

  1. Is influenced by? 2
A
  1. Not influenced by :
    - Age of menarche
    - Number of pregnancies
    - Use of oral contraceptives
    - Race
    - Socioeconomic status
  2. Influenced by:
    - Genetics
    - Smoking
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5
Q

Menopause: Signs and Symptoms

1. Hallmark? 2

A
    • HOT FLUSHES/FLASHES
    • NIGHT SWEATS
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6
Q

HOT FLUSHES/FLASHES or NIGHT SWEATS

  1. How long may they last?
  2. May be accompanied by what?
  3. What do these symptoms represent?
  4. Symptomatic women trigger mechanisms to dissipate heat at a lower core body temperature with what?
  5. Incidence varies widely
    May be more influenced by what?
A
  1. Last 2-4 minutes, sometimes followed by chills
  2. May be accompanied by palpitations
  3. Represent thermoregulatory dysfunction at hypothalamus
  4. inappropriate peripheral vasodilation
  5. BMI than race/ethnicity
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7
Q

Menopause: Signs and Symptoms
HOT FLASHES
1. Duration of the episode itself?
2. 8-9% may have hot flashes more than when beyond menopause?

A
  1. SWAN study: median duration 7.4 years with 4.5 of those years after the final menstrual period
  2. 20 years
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8
Q

Other S/S of menopause?

6

A
  1. Mood and Memory Changes
  2. Skin, Hair and Nail Changes
  3. Osteoporosis
  4. Sleep disturbances independent of night sweats
  5. Lipid Changes
  6. UROGENITAL ATROPHY
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9
Q

How are the following manifested in menopause:

  1. Skin, Hair and Nail Changes? 2
  2. Osteoporosis? 2
A
    • Decreased skin thickness and elasticity
    • Increased facial hair
    • Estrogen receptors present in osteoblasts
    • Bone density decreases 1%-2% per year vs 0.5% in perimenopause
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10
Q

What is the increased facial hair in menopause due to?

A

related to decreased SHBG (due to low estrogen) causing increased free testosterone

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11
Q

How are the following manifested in menopause:

  1. Sleep disturbances independent of night sweats
  2. Lipid Changes? 2
  3. UROGENITAL ATROPHY? 4
A
  1. Incidence 30-46%
    • Decreased “good” HDL
    • Increased “bad” LDL

3.

  • Vaginal dryness contributes to dyspareunia
  • Atrophic urethritis causing dysuria and frequency
  • Vulvar and vaginal tissues more easily irritated
  • Loss of pelvic organ support and increased prolapse
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12
Q

Menopause: Diagnosis
1. Women > 45? 2

  1. Women 40-45? 4
  2. Women with hysterectomy/endometrial ablation? 2
A
    • DX by menstrual hx with/without menopausal symptoms
    • No reliable way to predict final period
  2. -DX by menstrual hx but also
    get lab to r/o other explanations for menstrual changes
    -TSH,
    -prolactin and
    -hCG
    • Assess menopausal symptoms
    • Get FSH
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13
Q

Menopause: Hot flashes
-Alternative to estrogen Rx?
4

A
  1. SSRIs and SNRIs
  2. Gabapentin with predominately night symptoms
  3. Cetirizine (Zyrtec)
  4. Clonidine (significant dry mouth, constipation and dizziness)
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14
Q
  1. How do SSRIs and SNRIs work to help with hot flashes?

2. Which ones show efficacy? 3

A
  1. Some block active metabolite of tamoxifen, clinical significance uncertain
  2. Randomized, double blind studies showed efficacy with:
    - Venlafaxine (withdrawal symptoms)
    - Paroxetine (Brisdelle) FDA approved lower dose 7.5 mg
    - Fluoxetine
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15
Q

Menopause: Tx Hot Flashes
Integrative Modalities with inconsistent studies

8

A
  1. Soy (isoflavones)
  2. Black cohosh
  3. Acupuncture
  4. Paced respirations
  5. Weight loss
  6. Mind-body therapies
  7. Cognitive behavioral therapy
  8. Hypnosis
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16
Q

What are the types of administration routes for estrogen therapy?
6

A
  1. Pills

Transdermal

  1. Patches
  2. Gels and lotions and mist

Intravaginal

  1. Creams
  2. Tablet
  3. Ring
17
Q

Menopause: Benefits of estrogen

3

A
  1. Control of vasomotor symptoms
  2. Relief from urogenital atrophy symptoms
  3. Maintain bone density
18
Q

Menopause:

1. What are some urogenital atrophy symptoms that estrogen could help with? 3

A
  1. Dyspareunia
  2. Recurrent UTI or urethritis
  3. Irritation of vestibule
19
Q

Estrogen Hormone Therapy
ORAL Estrogen increases hepatic production of what?
6

A
  1. TBG (Patient may need increased dose of levothyroxine)
  2. CBG
  3. SHBG (less free testosterone)
  4. Triglycerides
  5. HDL
  6. Clotting factors
20
Q

What are the progestins therapies? 3

A
  1. Medroxyprogesterone acetate
  2. Micronized oral progesterone
  3. Levonorgestrel-releasing IUD
    (Not approved in US for endometrial protection**)
21
Q

Hormone Therapy

What things would lead to favorable outcome for women? 2

A
  1. Within 10 years of onset of menopause

2. Or less than 60 yo

22
Q

Menopause Hormone Use
1. Risk of CHD appears to be influenced by what?

  1. Roles of what in breast cancer uncertain?
  2. In WHI trial, no increased breast cancer in which group but was seen in which group?
A
  1. age of exposure to estrogen
    - No excess risk and possible cardioprotection with use immediately after menopause
  2. estrogen vs progestin
  3. estrogen only, estrogen-progestin
23
Q

Menopause Hormone Use
1. Micronized _________ rather than progestins like medroxyprogesterone acetate is preferred:

  1. Why? 2
A
  1. progesterone
    • Associated with lower risk of thromboembolism, stroke and elevated triglycerides
    • Has not been associated with increased risk of breast cancer or CHD.
24
Q

Menopause Hormone Use
INITIAL CHOICES/DECISIONS
What things should affect our decision?
4

A
  1. Is goal vaginal effect only or helping hot flashes (systemic), too ?

If using “systemic”,

  1. cyclic vs continuous?
  2. Oral or transdermal delivery of estrogen?
  3. Synthetic progestin or natural progesterone if uterus present?
25
Q
  1. Nothing works as well as estrogen for __________ symptoms but consider other approaches first
  2. If symptoms of urogenital atrophy are the only reason to use estrogen, ______ estrogen rather than systemic is recommended
  3. A woman with a uterus using estrogen needs a progestin. Why?
  4. Transdermal estrogen is safer than oral. Why?
A
  1. vasomotor
  2. local
  3. to protect endometrium from unopposed estrogen which increases risk of hyperplasia and cancer
  4. Less stimulation of clotting proteins by avoiding the first pass effect thru the liver= lower risk of VTE and stroke
26
Q
  1. What do you need to do before you start estrogen therapy?
A
  1. Endometrial Sampling

- Before starting therapy in woman with irregular bleeding

27
Q

When else would you want to do endometrial sampling? 2

Endometrial hyperplasia or cancer can occur within how long of starting unopposed estrogen?

A
  1. Any woman on continuous therapy who spots or bleeds after 6 months
  2. Bleeding or spotting after a (year) of amenorrhea in woman not on hormones

6 months

OBGYN (17 decks)

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