OB Flashcards
What does magnesium do to blood vessels and catecholamines? why do people even use mag in preggo?
It vasodilates them, and inhibits catecholamine release. It’s used because it is a tocolytic
Less than 0.8 of magnesium?
Arrhythmia, and disorientation if also with hypocalcemia
Magnesium of 1.4-2.1
Normal
Magnesium of 2.1-4.2
Typically asymptomatic
Magnesium of 4.2-5.8
Lethargy, drowsiness, flushing, nausea and vomiting, diminished DTRs
Magnesium of 5.8-10
Somnolence, complete loss of DTRs (10), hypotension and EKG changes
Magnesium of 10-20
Respiratory arrest, AV conduction block, QRS widening, bradycardia
Magnesium of >25
Cardiac arrest
When is excessive magnesium eliminated? How?
Eliminated within 4-8 hours by the kidneys, and can be done via fluid loading followed by diuresis
How exactly does magnesium work?
Acts at NMDA receptor-so an option for pain, acts at nicotine AcH receptor-prolonging non depolarize gets NM blockade, and L type calcium channels causing antagonism
Why are methylergovine and Carboprost contraindicated in HTN and asthma (respectively)?
Methykergovine-ergot derivative that could cause HTN
Carboprost-prostaglandin like effects that can cause bronchospasm
SEs of mwthykergovine and carbaorost
Methyl-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, bradycardia, coronary vasospasm, HTN
Carboprost-nausea, diarrhea, bronchiapasm
How does oxytocin work?
Activated uterine myosin
Placenta accreta, increta, and percreta
Placenta implants with absent decidua-accreta
Increta-invades myometrium
Percreta-invades surrounding structures
Risk factors for accreta-worse one being:
AMA, multiparty, previous myomectomy, Asherman’s syndrome, but number one is precious c section with placenta overlying the scar
Definition of PET:
Elevated BP (even postpartum), with some kind of end organ dysfunction
Can PET happen without fetal development? What Can NOT cross the placenta?
Yes
What are the two most important parts of placental transfer? What does this mean?
Degree of ionization at physiological pH and amount of protein binding. Protein bound drugs have a more difficult time crossing the placenta. And Bupi has a pKa of 8.1, making it ionized at the physiologic pH of 7.4
What’s the difference in the difficult airway algorithm between regular adults and pregnant adults?
If the baby is in Fetal distress, you have to do stuff differently and if that means you have to mask ventilate during the section, then so be it.
Describe late decelerations. What does it mean, and what can cause the meaning?
Deceleration in heart rate at or after the peak of uterine contraction. Associated with uteroplacental insufficiency which is indicative of fetal hypoxia. Maternal hypotension is a cause of fetal hypoxia
What are variable decelerations? What causes them?
They are when the heart rate abruptly decreases-NOT associated with uterine contractions, and they are due to core compression.
Why are early decelerations?
Gradual deceleration in heart rate that is associated with the beginning of uterine contractions. Fetal head compression
Explain the anemia of preggo. Which coach factors decrease and which ones increase? When are pregnant women considered anemic?
Anemia is because RBC mass increases to increase oxygen carrying capacity, but plasma VOLUME increases disproportionately. Pregnant women are anemic when Hgb falls below 11. Factors 8,9, and 10 and fibrinogen are increased while protein S is decreased=hypercoagulable state.
If patient is getting subcutaneous heparin and then wants an epidural, then how long do they have to wait for an epidural? What about if she was getting 7500 to 10000? More than 10000 per dose or 20000 per day?
6 hours for subcutaneous
12 hours fir high dose
24 hours for therapeutic
In the absence of coagulation issues and anticoagulation issues, does a prolonged PTT mean you can’t place NA?
No
Labor pain from first vs second stage of labor-whetebis it from?
First: T10-L1
Second: s2-S4
T/F magnesium raises the seizure threshold
True-via action at NMDA receptors
Why is minute ventilation increased in pregnancy? And due to why?
Progesterone, increases tidal volume
Why do pregnant women desaturate so easily?
Decreased FRC and increased o2 consumption (which is increased in pregnancy).
PET is associated with increased thromboxane A2 levels-T/F? How is there platelet activation but also low platelets? What happens to prostaglandin levels?
True. There’s platelet activation, but a decreased number of platelets. Prostaglandin levels decrease.
Morbid obesity and PDPH?
Obesity decreased risk of PDPH
So, vaginal delivery and uterine rupture vs c section and uterine rupture.
Pat who deliver vaginally are more likely to rupture than those who get elective c sections due to uterine contractions. However, a c section increases your chance of uterine rupture.
Increase in ____ and decrease in ___ lead to vasoconstricted state in pre-eclampsia
Increase in thromboxane A2 and decrease in prostacyclin.
Why do pregnant women have lower serum albumin?
due to an increase in total plasma volume and NOT due to decrease in actual albumin
What happens to alpha and beta globulins during preggo?
They both increase, and the albumin: globulin ratio decreases
which two coagulation factors increase the most during preggo when compared to all other factors?
Fibrinogen and factor 7 increase the most compared to all other factors.
What happens to transferrin and serum iron, and TIBC during preggo?
Transferrin rises, serum iron falls, and TIBC rises
uterine flow during pregnancy is dependent on what? And what does this mean as far as arterial and venous pressure?
Perfusion pressure. this means that anything that decreases uterine arterial pressure (hemorrhage, hypovolemia, sympathetic blockade), or increases uterine venous pressure (caval compression, contractions) will reduce placental perfusion.
Does hypercarbia affect uterine vascular tone?
No
Does the epidural prolong any stage of labor? If so, which stage?
It prolongs the second stage of labor
Does hypocarbia affect blood flow?
Hypocarbia can increase uterine vascular resistance and cause decreases in uterine blood flow
Magnesium and calcium-what does magnesium do to calcium? What does it do to NO and Prostaglandin I2?
It blocks calcium channels. it causes dilation and prevents some actin/myosin crosslinking. Magnesium also increases nitric oxide and prostaglandin I2 (both of which vasodilate)
Does magnesium affect sodium channels?
No. It affects calcium channels
Loss of FHR variability means what? Variability is most influenced by:
Fetal hypoxia. Variability is most influenced by: PS tone via vagus nerve.
If a mom is on Mag and needs to be intubated are you giving lower doses of either sux or roc?
Lower doses of roc but same dose of sux. Mag does potentiate the action of both depolarizing and non-depolarizing muscle relaxants
AFE is likely due to:
a maternal immune reaction
Two phases of AFE:
CV collapse followed by consumptive coagulopathy.
We know that maternal blood volume is increased durign pregnancy, but why?
Because of sodium retention mediated by the RAAS.
Platelets and Leukocytes during pregnancy
Platelet count maintained, however a 10% decrease can be seen, and leukocytosis of up to 21K can be observed during the 3rd trimester.
Should you ever give a baby naloxone while trying to resuscitate the baby?
NO
If the neonatal HR is less than ___, then it’s time to put on a pulse ox, add o2, and give PPV.
100.
So, brief NALS. Once PPV is not enough AND HR drops below ___. What do you do then? If they’re STILL not showing improvement?
If positive pressure ventilation fails to revive the infant, and if the heart rate is < 60 beats per minute, chest compressions should be started as well. Chest compressions and ventilation should be coordinated and given in a 3:1 ratio, with 90 compressions and 30 breaths per minute. Once chest compressions have begun, endotracheal intubation is recommended in order to ensure adequate ventilation during resuscitation. Both ventilation and chest compressions should continue until the heart rate improves to >60 beats per minute. If still no improvement, then you can give epi, but drugs are not routinely given.
So, what exactly is AFE and the pathophys behind it?
AFE leads to intense pulmonary vasospasm, and also pulmonary edema and cardiogenic shock. 1st phase: RV dysfunction. 2nd phase: LV dysfunction
What happens to uric acid levels in pregnancy?
they decrease for the same reason creatinine does. Increased GFR
which coagulation factor decreases in pregnancy?
Factor XI
d- dimer sensitivity is decreased in pregnant women-explain.
Well, fibrinogen and fibrin split products increase in pregnancy, this means d-dimer levels are increased in pregnancy, meaning this test is less sensitive in preggo
What is placental abruption? Is it painful?
It’s when the placenta separates from the uterus. It is painful
If there’s no NTG, and the placenta still needs to relax, then what:
Other options include inhaled amyl nitrite and beta-adrenergic agonists (IV ritodrine, IV salbutamol, IV terbutaline).
Should you suction a baby stained with meconium
Apparently not
How can you prevent meconium aspiration?
Use theearliest gestational age for estimating delivery, because that issue is more common in later gestational age babies.