OB Flashcards
What is an attitude? What are the 3 components?
An attitude is a judgement/evaluation about something (favorable or unfavorable), it reflects how we feel about something. The 3 components are:
- Cognitive (evaluation - rational, ex: the room is too small) * This is the most important component for predicting commitment to org.
- Affective (feeling - ex: the room makes me feel sad)
- Behavior (action ex: I will not come to this room)
What is affect? What is emotion? What is mood?
Affect = generic term covering a broad range of feelings, includes both emotions and moods.
Emotion = intense, discrete, short-lived feelings that are caused by a specific event. (More specific)
Moods = longer lived, and less intense feelings than emotions that often arise without a specific event. (More general)
What is cognitive dissonance? What are the 3 factors that impact the desire to reduce dissonance?
Cognitive dissonance is the contradictions experienced between attitudes and behavior. People seek consistency. The desire to reduce dissonance depends on:
- The importance of the elements creating dissonance
- The degree of influence we have over the elements
- The rewards of dissonance (less distressing if accompanied by something good, like higher pay than expected)
What is the exit - voice - loyalty - neglect framework?
This framework is helpful for understanding impacts of dissatisfaction.The dimensions are constructive/destructive and active/passive.
Exit - leave
Voice - actively/ constructively attempt to improve
Loyalty - passively, optimistically waiting for change
Neglect - passively allow for it to worsen, chronic absenteeism, reduced effort, etc.
What is important to note about emotions?
Emotions are caused by a specific event, very brief, easy to see and hard to hide.
The universal emotions are anger, fear, saddness, happiness, digust and surprise.
Good decision making is based on emotional stable ppl.
What is the Affective Events Theory?
The Affective Events Theory is a model suggesting that workplace events cause emotional reactions on the part of the employees, which then influence workplace attitudes and behaviors. The important messages are:
- emotions provide valuable insights into how workplace hassles and uplifting events influence ee performance and satisfaction.
- employees and managers shouldn’t ignore emotions or the events that cause them, even when they appear minor, bc they accumulate.
What is the Affective Circumplex? What are some examples of high negative affect emotions? high positive affect? Low positive affect? Low negative affect?
Basic moods carry positive and negative affects - they cannot be neutral. Emotions are grouped into general moods.
What is John Hollands personality -job fit theory? What are some examples of the types and career fits?
6 personality types: the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover.
What is the Myers Brigg personality framework?
In the Myers Brigg Type Indicator, individuals are classified at:
- Extroverted or Introverted
- Sensing or Intuitive
- Thinking or Feeling
- Perceiving or Judging
Introverted, Intuitive, Thinking, Judging = Visionaries
Extroverted, Sensing, Thinking, Judging = Organizers
Extroverted, Intuitive, Thinking, Perceiving are concepturalizers.
What is the Big 5 Model?
The Big 5 model has 5 basic dimensions that underlie all personality dimensions:
a. Extraversion. Comfort level with relationships. Extroverts tend to be gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be reserved, timid, and quiet.
b. Agreeableness. Individual’s propensity to defer to others. High agreeableness people—cooperative, warm, and trusting. Low agreeableness people—cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
c. Conscientiousness. A measure of reliability. A high conscientious person is responsible, organized, dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
d. Emotional stability. A person’s ability to withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
e. Openness to experience. The range of interests and fascination with novelty. Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically sensitive. Those at the other end of the openness category are conventional and find comfort in the familiar.
What is included in the Dark Triad?
Dark Triad.
Machiavellianism
An individual high in Machiavellianism is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means. High Machs manipulate more, win more, are persuaded less, and persuade others more.
Narcissism
Narcissism describes a person who has a grandiose sense of self-importance.
Psychopathy
In the OB context, psychopathy is defined as a lack of concern for others, and a lack of guilt or remorse when their actions cause harm.
What is situation strength theory?
Situation Strength Theory proposes that the way personality translates into behavior depends on the strength of the situation (degree to which norms, cues, or standards dictate behavior)
What are terminal vs instrumental values?
Terminal values: refer to desirable end states of existence; the goals that a person would like to achieve during their lifetime.
Instrumental values are preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one’s terminal values.
What is the difference between psychology and sociology?
Psychology (individual study) seeks to measure, explain and sometimes change the behavior of humans and other animals.
Sociology (group) studies people in relation to their social environment or culture. Sociologists study org culture, org theory and structure, organizational technology, communication, power and conflict.
What is included in the OB Model?
Inputs - Processes - Outcomes, at the individual level, group level and organizational level.
What are some inputs in the OB Model?
Individual level: diversity (characteristics), personality, values
Group level: group structure, group roles, team responsibilities (assigned when a team is formed)
Org Level: structure, culture (can change over time)
What are some processes in the OB Model?
Processes = the verbs: actions that individuals, groups, and orgs engage in as a result of the inputs, which lead to certain outcomes.
Individual level: emotions and moods, motivation, perception, decision making.
Group level: communication, leadership, power and politics. Conflict and negotiation.
Org Level: HR management, change practices
What are some examples of outcomes in the OB Model?
Key variables that you want to explain or predict.
Individual: attitudes and stress. Job performance. Citizenship behavior. Withdrawl behavior.
Group: team performance.
Org: productivity, survival
What is self management?
Self management is the ability to intentionally and strategically manage one’s behavior, effort, and emotions in the pursuit of goals. It involves building skill in self-control, self-monitoring, and self-regulation.
What is perception?
Perception is defined as a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. People’s behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, and not on reality itself. What a person perceives can be substantially different from objective reality.
What is attribution theory? What does determination depend on?
Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual’s behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused (the why). If we don’t know the why, we attribute a why.
Determination depends on three factors: distinctiveness: different behaviors in different situations (when low, they are always on time)
consensus: if everyone does the same thing
consistency: same behavior everytime
What is self - serving bias?
Self- serving bias is when individuals and organizations tend to attribute their own successes to internal factors, such as ability or effort, and place blame for failure on external factors such as bad luck or unproductive coworkers.
What is halo-effect?
Halo effect is when we draw an impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic (such as intelligence, sociability or appearance). The single trait is allowed to influence the overall impression of the person being judged.
Opposite is horns effect.
A common short cut in perception.
What is contrast effect?
Contrast effect is the evaluation of a person’s characteristics that is affected by comparison with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
A common short cut in perception.