OAE-Theorists Flashcards
0
Q
Abraham Maslow motivates…
A
Motivation for learning
1
Q
Abraham Maslow is based…
A
human motivation is based upon a hierarchy of universal needs. These needs motivate individual behavior and lead to a healthy growth and development when satisfied
2
Q
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
A
Physiological needs Safety needs Belonging needs Esteem needs Self-actualization
3
Q
Albert Bandura based on…
A
Self-observation
4
Q
Albert Bandura terms
A
Self-response judging Self-regulation Learning is an acquisition of knowledge Modeling Observation learning
5
Q
Ausubel
A
Subsumption Theory
6
Q
BF Skinner what to do with bad behavior
A
Extinguish an undesirable behavior (by removing the reinforcer) and replace it with a desirable behavior by reinforcement
7
Q
BF Skinner terms
A
Behavior modification operant conditioning: our reaction to the world Reinforcing stimulus Operant Extinction Operant conditioning: behaviorism
8
Q
Bandura’s theory is called…
A
Observational learning theory
9
Q
Bandura’s step in modeling process
A
- Attention
- Retention
- Reproduction
- Motivation
10
Q
Benjamin Bloom created…
A
Created a taxonomy for categorizing levels of abstraction of questions that commonly occur in education stages
11
Q
Benjamin Bloom’s taxonomy was made for…
A
His model provides a useful structure in which to categorize questions
12
Q
Brofenbrenner’s model- which part is the most important? Why?
A
Most important application of his model occurs at the microsystem level, where teachers can provide consistent support for students and their families
13
Q
Brofenbrenner what kind of psychology?
A
Developmental psychology
14
Q
Brofenbrenner true or false?
Social and cultural influences and development are not interrelated and not all have an impact on the developing child
A
Social and cultural influences and development are interrelated and all have an impact on the developing child
15
Q
Brofenbrenner- significant impact between…
A
His model has a significant impact on how teachers interact with students and families
16
Q
Brofenbrenner’s system
A
Four influences of societal systems:
- Macrosystem (family)
- Mesosystem (immediate community)
- Exosystem (institutional community)
- Macrosystem (political/social structure)
17
Q
Bruner’s what type of theorist?
A
Constructivist theory
18
Q
Carol Gilliganon vs. kohlberg
A
Question the validity of Kohlberg’s theory because his theory was based almost entirely on studies that used males as subjects
19
Q
Comenius
A
Pansophism- universal knowledge
20
Q
Dewey’s idea
A
Learning by doing
21
Q
Erik Erikson True or false?
Placed emphasis on the interactive nature of development and less on biological factors
A
True
22
Q
Erik Erikson’s eight stages
A
- Trust v. Mistrust
- Autonomy versus shame
- Initiative versus guilt
- Industry versus inferiority
- Identity versus confusion
- Intimacy versus isolation
- Generativity versus stagnation
- Integrity versus despair
23
Q
Erik Erikson- what are the stages characterized by?
A
Eight psychosocial stages that are each characterized by conflict or crisis that influences our social development and reflects their particular culture unique to each individual
24
Erik Erikson- when does development occur?
Development occurs throughout the lifespan and a series of stages with each stage contributing to and being influenced by the one preceding and following it
25
Erik Erikson- what type of development?
Psychosocial development
26
Erik Erikson- The child's role
Child plays an active role in shaping their development through kinds of experiences they have
27
Festinger- what did they try to achieve?
Cognitive dissonance
28
Freidrich Froebel- four basic principles of theory
1. Free self-expression
2. Creativity
3. Social participation
4. Motor expression
29
Ideas of Freidrich Froebel
Learning through play, group games, goal-oriented activities, outdoor time
30
Freidrich Froebel- spiritual mechanism
Was the foundation of early learning
31
Freidrich Froebel true or false?
Strong idealist who's view of education was closely related to religion
Strong idealist who's view of education was closely related to religion
32
Freidrich Froebel- founder of...
Kindergarten
33
Freud's ideas-the levels...
Levels of consciousness
34
Gagne created conditions of...
Conditions of learning
35
Howard Gardner used his idea for...
Planning instruction
36
Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences
Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist
37
Howard Gardner true or false??
Felt the traditional notion of intelligence, based on I.Q., is a perfect way to measure intelligence.
Traditional notion of intelligence, based on IQ, is far too limited
38
Howard Gardner invented...
Multiple intelligences
39
Jean Piaget true or false??
Proposed that there is a progressive developmental sequence to how a child thinks- four age-related stages
True
Proposed that there is a progressive developmental sequence to how a child thinks- four age-related stages
40
Jean Piaget true or false??
A child's cognitive performance depends less on which stage of development the child has entered than on the specific task being performed
False
A child's cognitive performance depends more on which stage of development the child has entered than on the specific task being performed
41
Jean Piaget- what type of development?
Cognitive development
42
Jean Piaget-assimilation
Assimilating a new object into an old schema
43
Jean Piaget- adaptation
"Learning", includes assimilation and accommodation, a biological process
44
Jean Piaget true or false??
In order for learning to occur, an individual must assimilate new information into existing cognitive structures
True
In order for learning to occur, an individual must assimilate new information into existing cognitive structures
45
Jean Piaget- teachers must design lessons to build on...
Existing knowledge and abilities
46
Jean Piaget- instruction should encourage...
Interaction among peers
47
Jean Piaget- schemas
Skill to explore the environment to gain knowledge
48
Jean Piaget created the...
Stages of cognitive development
49
Jean Piaget true or false??
Teachers should not plan lessons that take into account the rules that fundamental concepts play in a child's ability to learn
False
Teachers must plan lessons that take into account the rules that fundamental concepts play in a child's ability to learn
50
Jean Piaget- Educators must plan ________ ____________ curricula that enhance student's logical and conceptual growth
Developmentally appropriate
51
Jean Piaget terms
```
Accommodation
Assimilation
Disequilibrium
Discontinuous
Egocentric
Scheme
Concrete objects
```
52
Jean Piaget- accommodation
Accommodating and old schema to a new object
53
Jean Piaget- stage 1
Sensorimotor stage: birth to two, uses senses and motor abilities to understand the world
54
Jean Piaget- stage 2
Preoperational stage: 2 to 7, symbols, creative play, egocentric, center on one aspect of any problem or communication at a time
55
Jean Piaget stage 3
Concrete operations stage: 7 to 11, operations refers to a logical operations or principles we use when solving problems, uses conservation
56
Jean Piaget stage 4
Formal operations stage: 12+, hypothetical thinking, logical operations and ability to use them in the abstract rather than concrete
57
Jerome Bruner- spiral organization
Instruction must be structured so that it can be easily grasped by the student
58
Jerome Bruner- children's intellectual development follows a ________________ progression through three modes of reasoning that correspond to developmental stages
Step-by-step
59
Jerome Bruner- 3 sages of intellectual development
1. Inactive (actions)
2. Iconic (pictures)
3. Symbolic (words)
60
Jerome Bruner was all about...
Discovery
61
Jerome Bruner true or false??
Developmental growth involves mastering each of these increasingly more complex mode and becoming skilled in translating between each mode
True
Developmental growth involves mastering each of these increasingly more complex mode and becoming skilled in translating between each mode
62
Jerome Bruner true or false??
The learners cognitive structure provides ideas in organization to experiences and does not allow the learner to make mental leaps beyond the information given
False
The learners cognitive structure provides meaning in organization to experiences and allows the learner to make mental leaps beyond the information given
63
Jerome Bruner true or false??
The learner selects and transforms information, constructs hypotheses, and makes decisions, relying on their schemas are mental models
True
The learner selects and transforms information, constructs hypotheses, and makes decisions, relying on their schemas are mental models
64
Jerome Bruner true or false??
Instruction should be designed to give the students exactly what is required, and no more.
False
Instruction should be designed to facilitate extrapolation and/or fill in the gaps (going beyond the given information)
65
Jerome Bruner true or false??
Instruction should be designed to not take in account the students cultural heritage and family background, particularly when learning is not progressing as well as one might be expected. All children are treated equal, regardless.
False
Instruction should be designed to take in account the students cultural heritage and family background, particularly when learning is not progressing as well as one might be expected
66
Jerome Bruner true or false??
A variety of teaching approaches should be used to give student opportunities to construct knowledge in multiple ways
True
A variety of teaching approaches should be used to give student opportunities to construct knowledge in multiple ways
67
Jerome Bruner true or false??
Effective curriculum must provide the right way to instruct the students.
False
Effective curriculum must provide many opportunities to construct knowledge in multiple ways
68
Jerome Bruner true or false??
Learning is an adaptive process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based on current knowledge
True
Learning is an adaptive process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based on current knowledge
69
Jerome Bruner true or false??
Not every concept can be taught to every child at every age. Some children have not reached the level of cognitive development to understand, no matter what way you decide to teach it to them.
False
Any concept can be taught effectively and some intellectually honest form the children at any age provided the material is presented in a way that is appropriate for the student
70
Jerome Bruner was a...
Constructivist
71
Jerome Bruner felt children learned best through...
Inquiry learning
72
Jerome Bruner-readiness
Instruction must be concerned with the experiences and contexts that make the student willing and able to learn
73
Who were the three theorists of cognitive development?
Jerome Bruner
Jean Piaget
Lev Vygotsky
74
John Dewey had a passion for ______, for educating so that all may share in a common life
Democracy
75
John Dewey- education must _____ with and ______ the experience
Engage, enlarge
76
John Dewey true or false?
Exploration of logic and reason-and the associated role of educators
False
Exploration of thinking and reflection-and the associated role of educators
77
John Dewey true or false??
Concerned with interaction environments for learning
True
Concerned with interaction environments for learning
78
John Dewey was all for the children to learn using this learning strategy.
Cooperative Learning
79
Kohlberg organized how many stages with how many general statements?
6 stages, 3 general levels
80
Kohlberg and Piaget similarities
Believed moral understanding is promoted by the same factors that Piaget thought were important for cognitive development
81
Kohlberg's stages of moral development are _____ and ________.
Invariant, universal
82
Kohlberg's stages of moral development
1. Preconventional
2. Conventional
3. Postconventional/principled
83
Lev Vygotsky is famous for...
Zone of proximal development (ZPD) & social development theory
84
Lev Vygotsky's 3 stages of speech
1. social speech
2. Egocentric speech
3. Inner speech
85
Lev Vygotsky had the central role of...
Language
86
Lev Vygotsky true and false??
The learning of language is brought about by social processes and language/signs make the thought impossible
False
The learning of language is brought about by social processes and language/signs make the thought possible
87
Lev Vygotsky's preferred teaching styles
Scaffolding & direct instruction
88
Lev Vygotsky true and false??
For learning to happen there can't be an opportunity for the students and the teacher to interact or collaborate
False
For learning to happen there must be an opportunity for the students and the teacher to interact or collaborate
89
Lev Vygotsky true or false??
Teacher needs to find a balance between supporting the student and challenging that student to reach beyond the current ability and then encourage students to act independently
True
Teacher needs to find a balance between supporting the student and challenging that student to reach beyond the current ability and then encourage students to act independently
90
Lev Vygotsky- _____ is a principle determinant of individual development
Culture
91
Lev Vygotsky- social environment and social interactions plan a fundamental role in __________ development
Cognitive
92
Lev Vygotsky true or false??
The teacher should interact with students, providing minimum support necessary for students to engage with learning. The teacher should adjust the leek of help in response to each students level of performance
True
The teacher should interact with students, providing minimum support necessary for students to engage with learning. The teacher should adjust the leek of help in response to each students level of performance
93
Lev Vygotsky true or false??
The classroom activities should be designed with teacher-directed instruction. Students cannot learn on their own, and need teachers to model everything.
False
The classroom activities should be designed to foster group work and student collaboration this will allow students to take on a teaching role with their peers as they master skills at hand
94
Lev Vygotsky true or false??
Believed that what children can do with the assistance of others is even more indicated of their mental development and what they can do alone
True
Believed that what children can do with the assistance of others is even more indicated of their mental development and what they can do alone
95
Lev Vygotsky-importance of culture
Culture dictates what we learn and how
96
Locke's Tabule Rasa
Students are blank slates
97
Miller's theory
Information processing theory
98
Ivan Pavlov's theory
Classical conditioning-behaviorism
| Dog salivating
99
Roger's experimental learning
1. Academic
| 2. Experimental
100
Thorndike- connectionism
Form of behaviorism
| Connections between stimulus and response
101
Watson's theory
Behaviorism: human learning and behavior is by experience NOT biology; behaviors should be observable
102
Wertheimer- Gestalt Theory
Ideas can be understood only when seen as part of the bigger picture, important in problem-solving
