O2 carrying capacities of blood

Question 1

what supplements are important for RBC prod/manufacturing?

Answer 1

• iron
• vit b12
• folic acid
• vit b6
• amino acids

Question 2

what is anemia?

Answer 2

deficiency in nmbr of erythrocytes (RBC), the quantity of hemoglobin (Hgb) and vol of packed RBCs (hematocrit)

Question 3

what is the etiology of anemia?

Answer 3

1) deficiency in cofactors req for erythropoiesis (vit b12, iron, folic acid0
2) bone marrow suppression (tumor, meds, toxins)
3) lack of erythropoietin stimulation (chronic renal disease)
4) loss of rbc (bleeding)
5) increased destruction of rbc
6) hemolytic anemia - inherited (sickle cell, thalassemia)

Question 4

clinical manifestations of anemia?

Answer 4

1) beefy tongue
2) jaundice (hemolytic anemia)
3) pallor
4) increased CO, HR, BP, stroke vol
5) fatigue/weakness
6) risk of angina, MI or CHF
7) SOB
8) paresthesia
9) local tissue hypoxia (sickle cell)

Question 5

diagnostic test for anemia?

Answer 5

• CBC (RBC, Hgb, Hct)
• reticulocyte count
• RBC indices (indicates size, and Hb content of rbc)
• schilling test (Vitamin B12 absorption test)
• homocysteine (measures the amount of homocysteine, an amino acid in the body. The test is often used to diagnose vitamin B6, B9 or B12 deficiency)
• ferritin (how much iron your body stores)
• sickle cell screen

Question 6

nursing goals elated to anemia? and what are the interventions?

Answer 6

1) decrease hypoxia by maximizing o2 lvls
- administer o2
- balance rest w activity
- teach how to minimize anxiety

2) restore CBC lvls
- administer prescribed meds (iron, vit b12, folic acid,
erythropoietin)
- blood transfusion
- dietician consult

Question 7

what are the types of anemias?

Answer 7

1) iron deficiency anemia
2) thalassemia
3) megaloblastic anemia
4) aplastic anemia
5) sickle cell anemia

Question 8

what is sickle cell anemia? what are specific manifestations?

Answer 8

inherited autosomal recessive

abnormal form of Hgb, causing RBC to stiffen, elongate and take sickle shape in response to low O2 in blood

specific manifestations; sickle cell crisis, vasospasm, pain, N and V, tenderness, tissue ischemia, fever, swelling

Question 9

what is a sickling episode?

Answer 9

sickle episodes: low o2 (d/t infection, high altitudes, stress) trigger sickling of RBC => clump together and cause vascular occlusion leading to acute/chronic tissue inj

Question 10

what are complications of sickle cell?

Answer 10

• haemorrhage, pneumonia, blindness, osteonecrosis, gall stone, chf, ulcers

Question 11

what is the treatment for sickle cell anemia?

Answer 11

tx:
- alleviate symp and prev complications
- teach: avoid high altitude + adequate fluid intake
- tx infection
- antisickling agents (Hydroxyurea)