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Chemistry Y12 > O- Intro > Flashcards

O- Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Displayed formula

A

chemical formula showing ALL BONDS in a molecule
- eg. C-O-H

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2
Q

Structural formula

A

chemical formula showing arrangement of atoms in a molecule

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3
Q

Skeletal formula

A

all C atoms represented as points & H atoms x shown

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4
Q

General formula

A

shows mathematical relationship between atoms in an element

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5
Q

Alkyne structure

A

R三R

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6
Q

Haloalkane

A

R-X (halide)
- eg. -C-Cl

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7
Q

Alcohol

A

R-OH

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8
Q

Aldehyde

A

O
ll
/ \
R H

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9
Q

Ketone

A

O
ll
/ \
R R’

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10
Q

Carboxylic acid

A

R-C=O
`OH

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11
Q

Amine

A

R-NH2

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12
Q

Nitro

A

R-NO2

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13
Q

Methyl

A

CH3

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14
Q

Ethyl

A

CH3CH2

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15
Q

Propyl

A

CH2CH2CH3

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16
Q

Isomerism

A

When molecules have the same chemical formula
but diff. chemical structures

17
Q

Structural isomerism

A

Molecule w/ the same molecular formula
but diff. structural formula/ arrangement

18
Q

3 types of structural isomerism

A
  1. chain
  2. position
  3. functional group
19
Q

Chain isomerism

A
  • structural isomers (same molecular formula)
  • same functional groups
  • diff. arrangements of C skeleton
20
Q

Position isomers

A
  • same C skeleton
  • same functional groups
  • functional groups at diff. C
21
Q

Functional groups that always go at the end of C chain

A
  1. carboxylic acid
  2. aldehyde
    (3. amine)
22
Q

What is an isomerism reaction?

A
  • reactant and product have the same molecular formula
  • diff. arrangement of atoms
23
Q

2 types of stereoisomerism

A
  1. optical
  2. geometric (E-Z)
24
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A
  • molecules w/ same structural formula
  • but atoms arranged differently in space
25
Q

How do we represent bonds in 3D?

A
  • same plane- lines
  • going backwards- dashed bond
  • going forwards- wedged bond (triangular)
26
Q

What do we call molecules that are mirror images to each other, but are different molecules at the same time?

A

Non-superimposable

27
Q

What are optical isomers?

A
  • enantiomers
  • have a chiral carbon– 4 single bonds w/ 4 DIFF. GROUPS
  • labelling: +/- ; D/L ; R/S
28
Q

What is a 50/50 mixture of 2 enantiomers called?

A

Racemic mixture/ racemate

29
Q

How do we test for optical isomers?

A
  • R & S rotate in opposite directions in plane polarised light
    – if R rotates clockwise, S rotates anticlockwise
30
Q

Why do geometric isomers exist?

A
  • ALKENES ONLY
  • restricted rotation around carbon-carbon double bond
31
Q

Naming E/ Z isomers

A
  • Z= substituents of higher priority (higher Ar) on the zame zide
  • E= higher priority substituents diagonally opposite

– if immediate atom on substituent same (eg. CH3 vs CH2Br), decide using second atom down the chain (H vs Br) ∴ Br= higher priority

32
Q

Another way of saying E & Z isomers

A

Z- cis
E- trans

33
Q

How would you show that a sample is the d isomer not the l isomer?

A
  • pass plane polarised light thru a solution of each isomer
  • one isomer would rotate the plane at the polarised light clockwise, the other isomer would rotate it anticlockwise
34
Q

How would you show that a sample of lactic acid contained equal amounts of the d and l isomer?

A
  • pass plane polarised light thru a solution of the isomers
  • if both isomers are present in equal amounts, plane of polarised light should not rotate
35
Q

Explain why cis and trans isomers of 1,2-dichloroethane do not exist.

A

C-C single bond can easily rotate

36
Q

State characteristics of an homologous series (alkanes).

A
  1. same general formula
  2. same functional group
  3. chemically similar (react ~ way)
  4. trend in physical properties (eg. bp↑ as Mr↑)
  5. differ by CH2

Chemistry Y12 (33 decks)

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