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Chym 123 > o'chem flashcards unit 3 pt1 > Flashcards

o'chem flashcards unit 3 pt1

1
Q

Enzymes are biological catalyst that?

A

1) Increase the rate of reaction

2)Does not change in the process/Not used up

3) lower the activation rate

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2
Q

What is an active site

pocket

A

A pocket in an enzyme with a specific shape necessary to bind a substrate

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3
Q

What is is substrate

A

A reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

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4
Q

What is specificty?

limit

A

The limitation of activity of an enzyme to a specific substrate

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5
Q

How does an enzyme work?

A

1) Bring substrate and catalytic site together

2) Hold substrate @ exact distance and oriantaion

3) Provide acidic or basic reuired for catalysis

4) lower energy barrier by inducing strains in bonds

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6
Q

How does enzymes work?

A

Proximity effect
Orientation efect
Catalytic effect
Energy effect

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7
Q

What are the 2 theories regarding enzyme - substrate binding?

A

Lock and key model
Induced fit model

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8
Q

what is the lock and key theory

shape an polarity

A

the active site is specific to a substrate shape and polarity, so only the correct substrate can bind

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9
Q

lock and key model

A

only correct substrate can bind

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10
Q

induced fit model

A

active site changes to better bind to the substrate

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11
Q

what is the difference a catalyst and an enzyme

A

catalyst are substances
Enzymes are proteins or RNA molecule

Both speeds up the rate of a reaction and is not changed by the reaction.

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12
Q

What is does oxidoreductases do?

A

oxidation and reduction

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13
Q

what is transferases

A

transfer of an amino group between substrates

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14
Q

hydolases

A

braking bonds with addition of h20

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15
Q

look at double bonds

lysases

A

eliminating double bonds or creating double bonds with functional groups

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16
Q

ligases

A

bonding together of 2 substrate molecule

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17
Q

ph

A

changing ph outside the range can slow enzyme activity

exterme PH can denature

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18
Q

temperature

A

raising temp speeds up reaction, lowering temp slows down reaction

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19
Q

Enzyme Concentration

A

Increase in a liner form, increase concentration, speeds up reaction

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20
Q

substrate concentration

A

Increaseing substate increases activity until saturated

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21
Q

what is covalent modification

A

these are active enzymes that becoms less active. The addition of methylation, acetylation, glycostation or phosphorylation

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22
Q

enzymes that are inactive are called

A

zymogens

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23
Q

feedback control

A

End product or final product inhibits metabolic pathway

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24
Q

allosteric enzymes

A

Binds to a site that is different from the active site
Changes the shape of the enzyme

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25
Q

structure similar to the substarte that competes with the substrate for active site

A

competitive inhibitor

26
Q

this does not compete for the active site, it prevents reaction from occuring

A

non competitive inhibitor

27
Q

the activiation or deactivation of a particular group on polypeptidechain that are formed or broken. It is a reversiable phosphorylation/dephosorylation

A

covalent modification

28
Q

A nerve cell

A

Neuron

29
Q

A chemical messenger between a neuron and another target cell; a neuron, muscle cell or cell of a gland

A

Neurotransmitter

30
Q

A chemical messenger released by an endocrine gland into the bloodstream and transported therein to reach its target cell.

A

Hormone

31
Q

the maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body

A

Homeostasis

32
Q

four classes of chemical messengers

A

Cholinergic messengers- Acetylcholine (ACh) is the main cholinergic messenger
– Amino acid messengers
– Adrenergic messengers
– Peptidergic messengers
– Steroid messengers

33
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Control of skeletal muscles
widely distributed in the brain,
plays a role in the sleep–wake cycle

34
Q

Amino acid messenger

A

Excitatory Nurotransimtter
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

35
Q

Adrenergic Messengers

A

Chemical messengers, Epinephrine, Histidine and dopamine

36
Q

Peptidergic Messengers

look for the dots

A

largest class of hormones
look for the dots
they are on the exterior of the cell

37
Q

Insulin

A

accelerates uptake and utilization of glucose in muscles,
it accelerates formation of glycogen in fatty tissue,
it stimulates storage of triacylglycerols

38
Q

produced from cholesterol.

  • male sex hormones, testosterone and androsterone.
  • female sex hormones, estrogens and progesterone.
A

Steroid hormones

39
Q

What are the diferences between neurotransmitter and hormone?

A

Physiologyical not chemical.

Neurotransmitter-Between neuron and another target

Hormone-released into the blood stream, transported therein to reach target cell.

40
Q

Identify group that this belong

A

transferase

41
Q

Identify the group that this belongs

A

hydrolase

42
Q

Identify the group that this belongs

A

lyase

43
Q

which group does this belong

A

isomerase

44
Q

Isoleucine is a noncompetitive inhibitor of one of these enzymes. Which is the one that is most effectively inhibited by Ile?

The initial enzyme

A

E1

45
Q
A

increase to a fix value

46
Q

The regulator binds to the enzyme at a site that is not the active site and modifies the active site.

A

allosteric regulator

47
Q

The location within an enzyme where reactant(s) bind and the reaction is catalyzed is called the

A

active site

48
Q

This regulator changes shape of the active site to allow the substrate to bind more effectively

A

positive allosteric regulation

49
Q

the regulator changes shape of the active site to prevent/inhibits binding of the substrate

A

negative regulator

50
Q

level of the end product is low, dissociates, unblocking the active sites

A

feedback control

51
Q

What happens when the product concentration is high?

A

The product binds to the alloesteic site E1 and product is stopped or reduced

52
Q

What happens when production is low?

A

The product dissociates from E1 and resumes production

53
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, and K and are not involved as coenzymes in catalytic reactions.

54
Q

Functions of fat soluble vitamins

A
  1. soluble in lipids but not in aqueous solutions.
  2. are stored in the body and not eliminated in urine.
  3. are important in vision, bone formation, antioxidants, and blood clotting.
55
Q

What are antioxidant

A

An antioxidant is a substance that prevents oxidation by reacting with an oxidizing agen

56
Q

The dietary antioxidants are?

A

vitamin C, vitamin E, and the mineral selenium.

57
Q

What type of enzyme will catalyze this reaction?

A

Oxidoreductase

58
Q

What type of enzyme will catalyze this reaction?

A

Isomerase

59
Q

What type of enzyme will catalyze this reaction?

A

Hydrolase

60
Q

What environmental factor(s) exhibit a direct, linear relationship with enzyme activity?

A

enzyme concentration

Chym 123 (6 decks)

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