O Chem Flashcards
What is the common name for ethanal?
Acetaldehyde
What is the common name for methanal?
Formaldehyde
What is the common name for ethanol?
Ethyl alcohol
What is the common name of 2-propanol?
Isopropyl alcohol
What is the common name of proprionaldehyde?
Propanal
What is a terminal functional group?
Found at the ends of carbon backbones. The carbons to which they are attached to is normally designated carbon 1.
Aldehydes and carboxylic acids are known as terminal functional groups
What provides the suffix of the molecule?
The highest priority functional group in the molecule becomes a component of the backbone and provides the suffix.
What is the suffix for an alcohol?
-ol
What is the suffix for a ketone?
-one
What is the suffix for an alkyne?
-yne
What is the suffix for a carboxylic acid?
-oic acid
What is the suffix for an aldehyde?
-al
What are the priority rankings for functional groups?
Carboxylic acid (highest priority) Ester Amide Nitrile Aldehyde Ketone Alcohol Amine Alkene Alkyne Alkane Ether Alkyl Halide
How do you correctly number an alkane?
Locate the longest carbon chain.
And give the alkyl groups the lowest possible numbers
The common names for the aldehydes and carboxylic acids that contain only one carbon start with what prefix?
Form-
Such as in the common name for methanoic acid (formic acid) and methanol(formaldehyde)
Substituent are organized
Alphabetically not numerically
Order of the metric units
Tetra (T) 10^12 Giga (G) 10^9 Mega (M) 10^6 Kilo (k) 10^3 Base unit (gram, meter, liter) 10^0 Deci (d) 10^-1 Centi (c) 10^-2 Milli (m) 10^-3 Micro (u) 10^-6 Nano (n) 10^-9 Pico (p) 10^-12
How do you know how many stereoisomers a molecule has?
The max number of stereoisomers of a compound equals 2^n where n is the number of chiral carbons in the compound
What is a meso compound?
Compound that contains chiral centers but has an internal plane of symmetry.
Optical inactive
What conformation gives the least amount of steric chain?
A chair confirmation in with the two equatorial functional groups are trans to each other. The axial hydrogens don’t have to compete with the hydrogens in the functional groups.
Relative configuration
Configuration of a molecule in relation to other atoms on the same molecule, in relation to other molecules or in relation to another form of the same molecule.
To retain relative configuration the bonds of the stereo center can’t be broken
Absolute configuration
Spatial arrangement of atoms of a chiral molecular entity (R and S)
To retain absolute configuration both reactant and product must be the same (R or S)
What are disasteromers?
Non mirror images of each other. For example trans and cis
Enantiomers
Non superimposable mirror images
R and S
Structural isomers
Compounds with same molecular formula but different atomic connections
What does E and Z refer to?
E is trans
And Z is cis
If two of the same molecules are E and Z then they are considered diastereomers
Constitutional isomer
Have same molecular formula but different atomic connectivity
Conformational isomers
Isomers can be interconverted just by rotations about formally single bonds.
Have same configuration
Where the Newman projection comes in
Equation for specific rotation
[alpha]=alpha observed / c•L
Alpha=specific rotation in degrees
c=concentration (units are g/mL)
L=path length (units=dm)
Alpha observed=observed rotation (units=degrees)
Clockwise rotation (dextrorotatory) is considered positive.
1cm=0.1dm
A carbon atom participates in one double bond. As such, this carbon contains orbital with:
Hybridization between the s orbital and two p orbitals. A double bond has one sigma bond and one pi bond.
In a carbon with one double bond, sp2 hybridization occurs.
A triple bonded atom is
Sp hybridized
There are two pi bonds and one sigma bond of
What hybridization does the Be atom in BeH2 assume?
Sp
Beryllium only has two electrons in its valence shell. When it forms bonds to two hydrogens it requires two hybridized orbitals meaning that its hybridization must be sp.
Two atomic orbitals may combine to form
A bonding molecular orbital
An antibonding molecular orbital
Hybridized orbitals
Molecular orbitals can contain a maximum of
Two electrons
Pi bonds are formed by which orbitals?
Two unhybridized p orbitals
What can a sigma bond be formed by?
Head to head overlap of two s orbital, two p orbitals, one s orbital and one p orbital, or hybridized orbitals.
The four C-H bonds of CH4 point toward the vertices of a tetrahedron. This indicates the hybridization of the carbon atom in Methane is
Sp3
Tetrahedron means angle between bonds is 109.5 which is a characteristic of sp3 orbitals
Why is a single bond stronger than a pi bond
S orbitals have more overlap than p orbitals.
Bond strength is determined by degree of orbital overlap. Greater the overlap the greater the bond strength.
Hence why sp3 is very stable and lots of atoms have this
The s character of the carbon atom in HCN is
50%s and 50%p
The carbon bond in hydrogen cyanide is triple bonded and because triple bonds require two unhybridized p orbitals, the carbon must be sp hybridized
Sp orbitals have 50 percent s character and 50 percent p character
Resonance structure describes
A potential arrangement of electrons in a molecule
An electron is known to be in the n=4 shell and L=2 sub shell. How many possible combinations of quantum numbers could this electron have?
Can have five different values for ml: -2,-1,0,1,2
In each of these orbitals, electrons can have positive or negative spin. Thus there are 5x2=10 possible combinations of quantum numbers for this electron
Compared to single bonds, triple bonds are
More rigid
Common strong reducing agents
Include metals, potassium, calcium, barium, sodium and magnesium and also compounds that contain the H- ion, those being NaH, LiH, LiAlH4, CaH2
Strong oxidizing agents
O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 MnO4- Cr2O7^2- HNO3 H2O2
SN1 reactions show first order kinetics because
The rate limiting step only involves one molecule
Reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives
Dictates how reactive they are towards nucleophliic attack
Anhydrides >carboxylic acids and esters>amides
This means that derivatives of higher reactivities can form derivatives of lower reactivates but not vice versa
