Biochem Flashcards
How do enzymes change a reaction?
Lowers activation energy and are not changed or consumed during the course of the reaction.
DeltaG remains unchanged.
What do dehydrogenases do?
Catalyze oxidation reduction reactions, not transfer reactions.
What does the Michaelis Menten equation tell us?
Enzymes form enzyme substrate complexes which can either dissociate back into the enzyme and substrate or proceed to form a product
What happens at high concentrations of substrate when the enzyme concentration stays the same?
Reaction rate approaches minimal velocity and is no longer changed by further increases in substrate concentration. This levels off the reaction rate after an initial increase.
What is a holoenzyme?
Biochemically active compound formed by the combination of an enzyme with a coenzyme
What is an apoenzyme?
Enzyme devoid of it’s necessary cofactor and is catalytically inactive
What is a coenzyme?
Non protein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme
What is a zymoenzyme?
Inactive precursor of an enzyme
What determines an enzymes specificity?
The three dimensional shape of the active site
What is Km?
This is the Michaelis menten constant.
Concentration of substrate which permits the enzyme to achieve half vmax.
What is Vmax?
Reaction rate when enzyme is fully saturated by substrate. All binding sites are being constantly refilled.
Example: vmax is near 100mmol/sec, vmax/2 equals 50mmol/sec. so the substrate concentration giving this rate is 0.5 mM and corresponds to Km.
This is from a chart
At high concentration values of substrate how if the rate of reaction affected?
It will be very close to Vmax if the concentration value is significantly larger than the value of Km.
Competitive inhibitors
Same Vmax and higher Km
Competes for active site
Increasing substrate can overcome this
Creates a X in the Burke plot
Noncompetitive inhibitors
Decreased Vmax and same Km
Binds to free E or ES complex
Increasing substrate can not overcome this
Doesn’t bind at active site
Km unaffected
Vmax reduced
Comes to a point for the Burke plot
Uncompetitive inhibition
Binds to ES complex only. Increasing the substrate favors the inhibition because it creates more ES complexes for it to bind to
Km reduced
Vmax reduced
Parallel lines
What is a lyase?
Responsible for breakdown of a single molecule into two molecules without the addition of water or the transfer of electrons
Often form cyclic compounds or double bonds in the products to accommodate this
What is a ligase?
Enzyme that catalyzes the joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond. Usually with accompanying hydrolysis.
What is a hydrolase?
Use water to break a chemical bond which typically results in dividing a larger molecule to smaller molecules
What is a transferase enzyme?
Class of enzymes that enact the transfer of specific functional groups from one molecule (called the donor) to another (called the acceptor)
Cooperative enzyme
Demonstrates a change in affinity for the substrate depending on how many substrate molecules are bound. 3 substrates bound means higher affinity than 2 or 1 substrates bound.
Example is hemoglobin.
How does the idea temperature for a reaction change with and without an enzyme catalyst?
The rate of reaction generally increases with temperature because of the increased kinetic energy of the reactants but reaches a peak temp because the enzyme denatures. In the absence of an enzyme this peak temperature is generally much hotter.
What is the function of SDS in an SDS page?
SDS solubilizes proteins to give them uniformly negative charges so the separation is based purely on size
How does electrophoresis separate proteins?
By charges. Use a pH that will cause all of the proteins to be positive or negative except for the one you are trying to separate. Want the one you are separating to be a different charge than the others. Don’t want it to be neutral or it won’t separate out. Can be achieved by comparing the PI to the pH of the solution. If PI is lower than the pH charge will be negative. If PI is higher than pH it will be positively charged. If PI equals PH then it is neutral
What are the most prevalent extra cellular proteins?
Keratin, elastin, collagen.