O. Chem 1

Question 0

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR)

Answer 0

Predicts which shape molecules will take due to the repulsion of lone pairs of electrons

Question 1

Bonding

Answer 1

Pi bonds: prevent rotation, weaker, less stable, more reactive

Sigma bonds: allow for rotation, stronger, more stable, less reactive

Question 2

Shape and bond angle are determined by:

1) hybridization

Answer 2

• sp = linear (180)
• sp2 = trigonal planar or bent (120)
• sp3 = tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal, or bent (109.5)
• sp3d = trigonal bipyramidal, seesaw, T-shaped, or linear (90/120 or 180)
• sp3d2 = octahedral, square pyramidal, or square planar (90)

Question 3

Shape and bond angle are determined by:

2) Lone pairs of electrons

Answer 3

The presence or absence of unpaired electrons determines the exact shape from among choices.
Know pictures!!!!

Question 4

Dipole moment

Answer 4

U= &d

&– charge
d- distance between charges

Question 5

Heat of combustion

Answer 5

When molecules are combusted, all the bonds are broken and then reformed via a radical reaction.

THE LESS STABLE (higher energy) THE BOND THE GREATER WILL BE THE HEAT OF COMBUSTION
The more stable to bond the lower the heat of combustion

Question 6

Coordinate covalent bonds

Answer 6

A covalent bond in which both electron shared are donated by one atom.

If molecule doesn’t have a lone pair, unlikely to form coordinate covalent bond.

Question 7

Octet Rule Exeptions

Answer 7

1) Hydrogen and helium are stable with only two electrons in the valence shells
2) Boron an beryllium a re stable with only six electrons in their valence shells
3) Atoms from the third, fourth, fifth period Or higher can accept more than eight electrons. PCl5, SF6, PO4 3-, SO4 2-

Question 8

Formal charge

Answer 8

FC=valence - assigned

Assigned– lone pair electrons and .5 bonding electrons

Question 9

Aromaticity:

Huckel’s Rule

Answer 9

4n+2 pi electrons

2, 6, 10, 14…

Question 10

IUPAC nomenclature

Answer 10

meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent-

sec- attachment touching 2 other carbons
iso- branching (away from branch)
- tert- three branching carbons from one

Question 11

IUPAC Rules

Answer 11

1) Find the longest carbon chain, if there is a tie, the one with most substituents is the parent chain
2) The terminal carbon closest to the substituent is #1. If tie look at 2nd subst.
3) Order substituents alphabetically and give each one a number to match the carbon to which it is attached
4) if more than one of the same substituent is present, use the prefixes di, tri, tetra (2,2-dimethylbutane)
5) Hyphens are placed before and after substituent numbers, but NOT between standard prefixes.
6) Do not consider prefix when alphabetizing substituents if: 1) it represents a number (di, tri) or 2) it includes a hyphen (sec-, tert-). Do alphabetize other prefixes (isopropyl)

Question 12

Isomers

Answer 12

The MAXIMUM number of optically active stereoisomers for any compound = 2^n, where n is the number of CHIRAL CENTERS

Question 13

Conformational Isomers

Answer 13

NOT TRUE ISOMERS. It is the same molecule, but twisted or rotated around its bonds, these are considered conformers, NOT isomers.

Question 14

Structural Isomers

Answer 14

Same formula, different bond-to-bond connectivity

Question 15

3) Stereoisomers

Answer 15

Same formula, same bond-to-bond connectivity, but different 3-D arrangement of their substituents. There are two categories of stereoisomers: enantiomers and diasteriomers

Question 16

3a. Enantiomers

Answer 16

Two molecules with the same molecular formula and the same bond-to-bond connectivity that are NON-IDENTICAL, NON-SUPERIMPOSABLE MIRROR IMAGES. They contain at least ONE chiral center.

Question 17

CHIRALITY

Answer 17

Any atom attached to four DIFFERENT substituents must be chiral. Any atom with less can’t be chiral.
ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATION (R and S): How two enantiomers are distinguished.
-Assign priority to all four substituents based on molecular weight, with higher molecular weight atoms receiving higher priority.
-Rotate the LOWEST priority substituent to the back (into the page). If the priority of the remaining three substituents increases CLOCKWISE it is R, if they increase COUNTERCLOCKWISE it is S.

Question 18

Rotation of Polar-polarized Light

Answer 18

Enantiomers rotate plane polarized light. R and S enantiomers rotate this light to the same degree but in opposite directions. R can rotate light in CW, so can S.

• If compound rotates light CW, it is called (+) or d (dextrorotary)
• If compound rotate light CCW, it is called (-) or l (levorotary)

Question 19

3b. Diastereomers

Answer 19

Two molecules with the same molecular formula and same bond-to-bond connectivity that are NON-IDENTICAL AND ARE NOT MIRROR IMAGES. There are three kind of diasteromers: geometric isomers, epimers, and anomers.

Question 20

3b1. Geometric isomers

Answer 20

Cis/trans. Cis-same side; trans-opposite side.

• E/Z convention: prioritize the two consituents on each carbon by molecular weight. If the two higher priority substituents are on the same side = Z. If the two higher priority substituents are on opposite sides = E.
• Cis isomers usually have dipole moment, trans do not.
• Cis isomers often experience steric hinderance, resulting in a higher energy molecule, but trans do NOT.

Question 21

3b2. Epimers

Answer 21

Diastereomers that differ at only one chiral center. Many pairs of carbohydrates are epimers (glucose and galactose)

Question 22

3bc. Anomers

Answer 22

Molecules that differ only in their spatial orientation at the anomeric carbon of a ring structure. If the anomeric OH/OR group at the CH2OH group are on the same side of the ring = BETA ,if they are on opposite sides = ALPHA

Question 23

4) MESO COMPOUNDS

Answer 23

Molecules with two or more chiral centers that contain a plane of symmetry. This symmetry cancels out their optical activity.
-To recognize them, look for a center of symmetry. However, NOT ALL MOLECULES WITH A PLANE OF SYMMETRY ARE MESO. Check for chiral centers ACROSS the plane of symmetry (not between two molecules, a meso compound is ONE molecule)