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Equine nutrition > nutritional management of performance horses > Flashcards

nutritional management of performance horses Flashcards

1
Q

nutritional considerations for performance horses

A

meet nutrient requirements, maintain normal GI tract, manage body weight, address limiting factors

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2
Q

how to determine nutritional requirements

A

requirements vary with frequency, duration and intensity of activity (often measured by Heart Rate), heart rate goes up in response to how much O2 the body needs

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3
Q

what affects exercise intensity?

A

speed, weight carried/pulled, incline, ground resistance, coordination, stride length, athletic ability etc

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4
Q

activity definition

A

duration, intensity, frequency

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5
Q

nutrient requirements of performance horses

A

maintenance+exercise+other

maintenance=requirements of the same size, idle, nonbreeding horse

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6
Q

3 levels of maintenance

A

minimum, average and elevated

most performance horses have average maintenance values and some may have elevated maintenance values

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7
Q

exercise requirements definition

A

the nutrients needed to support exercise above maintenance, exercise intensity, duration and frequency varies

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8
Q

other requirements for performance horses

A

nutrients needed to support other activities associated with a performance horse’s “lifestyle” ex. transportation to and from events

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9
Q

NRC definition of light work

A

1-3 hr, walk and trot

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10
Q

moderate work

A

3-5 hr walk trot canter easy skills

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11
Q

heavy work

A

4-5 hr walk trot canter gallop, hard skills

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12
Q

very heavy work

A

advanced race training, elite 3 day

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13
Q

how does exercise affect calorie requirements?

A

calories needed increase with the level of work

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14
Q

how does exercise affect protein requirements?

A

protein is used at a very low rate for ATP synthesis for muscle contraction, but increased tissue turnover and lean body mass may increase with training so protein needs (grams/day) of athletes are elevated, protein quality (especially essential AA) is impK reortant

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15
Q

how does exercise affect Ca and P requirements?

A

exercise may increase bone turnover, with training bone density may increase so Ca and P requirements are elevated compared to idle horses

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16
Q

how does exercise affect Na, Cl and K requirements?

A

exercise increases the electrolyte requirements due to sweating

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17
Q

composition of sweat

A

2.5-3 g Na/L
1.2-1.5 g K/L
5.0-5.5 g Cl/L
amount of sweat=0.25 to 2 L/100 kg BW

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18
Q

how are sweat losses estimated in NRC table?

A

estimated on a non-excessively hot or cold environment

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19
Q

how does exercise affect vitamin and mineral requirements?

A

some vitamins and minerals are used in energy metabolism for O2 transport etc. examples are P, Mg, Cu, Fe, thiamine, B12, folic acid, riboflavin, pantothenic acid
requirements for these nutrients may be increased by exercise but not much info on the size of the increase
Vitamin E, selenium, zinc, Vit A and Vit C help protect the cell from damage during exercise and help repair cells damaged during exercise, requirements for these nutrients may be increased by exercise but not much info on size of increase

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20
Q

Comparing nutrient requirements between nutrients

A

not all nutrients change proportionately, exercising horses usually need diets that are different than other classes of horses but not all exercising horses are the same

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21
Q

sources of calories in a horse’s diet

A

fiber- 1.6-2.4 Mcal/kg DM, from forages, pulps, brans and cereal byproducts
starch-3.5-4 Mcal/kg DM, from cereal grains and grain byproducts
fat-8.8-9.2 Mcal/kg DM, from vegetable oil, seeds, some seed meals, some brans and cereal grains, can feed up to about 10% of concentrate in fat before palatibility is a problem

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22
Q

risk factors of gastric ulcers

A

long intervals between meals, reduced chewing/forage, reduced fiber mat, VFA production by fermentation of starch in the stomach-ALL ASSOCIATED WITH LOW FORAGE INTAKE
gastric ulcers may cause-decreased performance and decreased feed intake

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23
Q

problems of starch bypass to the LI

A

increased acid production in LI causes reduced pH, disrupted microbial community, reduces fiber digesters, decreased feed intake and starch digested in the LI yields fewer usable calories for the horse

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24
Q

% of starch digested in the small intestine

A

Oat starch is more easily digested in the small intestine than corn starch, grinding increased the digestibility of both oat and corn starch

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25
Q

% of starch that by-passes to the large intestine

A

corn starch is more likely to reach the LI than oat starch, starch in whole grain is more likely to reach the LI than starch in ground grain, unprocessed corn is most likely to cause LI upset

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26
Q

effect of meal size on % of starch reaching the LI

A

less starch to the LI when smaller meals are fed

27
Q

alternatives/modifications to reduce starch

A

may replace some starch with fat-fat contains more than 2x DE as starch per gram, reduce cereal grains in mix and increase vegetable oil
relpace grains with highly digestible fiber in concentrates (beet pulp/soy hulls)-beet pulp has 90% DE of oats, replace some cereal grains with fiber andf fat, get similar DE content as in traditional mix, but less starch
use starch sources that are well digested in the SI
change meal size-starch in small meals is digested better in SI than starch in large meals
reduce concentrate by using best forage possible-more palatable to encourage intake and more calories per kg

28
Q

what limits performance?

A

depends on event and individual, in general strength, stamina and fatigue are limiting factors.
some components like substrate availability, end product accumulation and oxygen availability are also limiting

29
Q

oxidative (aerobic) metabolism

A

carbohydrate and fat»>ATP, CO2 and water, most efficient, occurs in type I and type IIA

30
Q

glycolitic (anaerobic) metabolism

A

carbohydrate»>ATP and Lactic acid, less efficient (less ATP per unit carb) but faster, type IIA and type IIX

31
Q

Muscle fiber types

A

type I, type IIA and type IIX
type of muscle influences strength, speed and endurance, characteristics can change with training, fibers become more oxidative (rely more on O2) and generate less lactate at a specific work load

32
Q

energy sources based on exercise intensity

A

low intensity exercise-mostly fat and some carbohydrate

sprinting/short burst strength-mostly carbohydrate, some fat

33
Q

protein as an energy source

A

protein contributes less than 5% of calories used during exercise unless fat or other carbohydrate is not available

34
Q

fat as an energy source

A

fat used during exercise comes mostly from body stores and supplies are not usually limiting

35
Q

carbohydrate as an energy source

A

comes from muscle glycogen (polysaccharide of glucose, starch) or blood glucose from the liver or food

36
Q

carb stores vs fat stores

A

carb stores are much smaller than fat stores, carb availability can limit some types of athletes

37
Q

when are carbohydrate stores limiting?

A

low muscle glycogen stores will impair performance-during endurance exercise glycogen stores may be depleted and play a role in fatigue, stores must be full at start, feeding at rest stops provides carbs
low muscle glycogen will impair performance-for best performance, muscle glycogen must be restored between events, poor appetite after events may delay glycogen restoration

38
Q

dietary management of carbohydrate stores

A

diet should contain some starch or glucose producing compounds-encourages glycogen repletion, feeding close to end on competition may help
train the muscle to use fat and spare carbs-feeding additional fat in the diet may do this but probably takes weeks to adapt
provide carbs at rest stops for endurance horses

39
Q

what energy sources limit performance?

A

during racing, starting with low glycogen stores may affect performance, but if stores are full at start glycogen depletion does not occur during a race (carbs are used but duration is short)

40
Q

nutritional management of intramuscular acidosis

A

enhance intramuscular buffering-type IIX muscles have higher buffering capability than type I fibers, but no known way to increase buffering yet
enhance blood buffering-feeding baking soda may increase blood buffering, but is illegal in most competition
reduce acid producing ingredients-avoid excess protein (horses with too much protein tend to have lower blood pH), ensure electrolyte balance (Na, K, Ca vs S, Cl)

41
Q

pre-competition feeding of concentrates

A

increases blood glucose-increases insulin
insulin may decrease the ability of the body to mobilize fat for energy (this could increase the use of carbs and thus accelerate the depletion of glycogen)
general recommendation for strenuous events is to not feed concentrate 3-5 hours before the event/race unless you start right away (before insulin increases)

42
Q

pre-competition feeding of forage

A

each kg of fiber in LI holds 1-2 kg water
reduce hay intake 12-24 hrs prerace to reduce GI weight
reduce hay from 7 kg to 3 kg to reduce total BW by 7-8 kg
for horses that run and jump weight reduction may be important

43
Q

weight to power ratio

A

a lighter body puts less concussion on the skeleton, a lighter body is easier to move

44
Q

how much water is consumed per lb of DM?

A

2-3.5 lb of water per lb of DM

the more DM consumed means more water is consumed

45
Q

where is most of the weight of the digesta

A

in the large intestine, each lb of DM in the large intestine is accompanied by 2-3 lb of water, the LI has 25-45 lb of ingesta under usual circumstances, higher fiber diets mean the horse carries more undigested feed material and water in the LI

46
Q

how to reduce LI contents

A

reduce feed intake 12-24 hrs pre-competition by 50%

this reduces LI content by 25-50%=body weight reduction of 6-22 lbs (reduction in gut fill)

47
Q

furosemide (lasix)

A

`diuretic that induces weight loss of 2-3% in about 4 hrs of administration, a 1000 lb horse will lose 20-30 lb of water

48
Q

managing BW and condition

A

ideal weight and condition vary by activity and individual. excess weight may be detrimental to horses that run and jump, too little weight may reduce strength

49
Q

how to maintain ideal body condition

A

energy balance-calorie intake is the most important nutrient affecting body condition

50
Q

positive energy balance

A

body condition increases, calorie intake is greater than the horse uses

51
Q

negative energy balance

A

body condition decreases, underfeeding 3 Mcal/DE per day is about 90 Mcal/DE per month so about 10-15 kg will be lost

52
Q

meeting DE needs in elite athletes

A

need high DM intakes and high concentrate intakes, causes risk of GI disturbance
in negative energy balance you probably loose fat and muscle

53
Q

heat accumulation

A

heat is an end product of exercise, some heat accumulation can be good-“warm up” that enhances blood flow, optimizes metabolic rxns and enhances oxygen delivery to muscles
but excess heat accumulation can cause muscle damage, GI damage and CNS impairment

54
Q

mechanisms of heat dissipation

A

convection, conduction and radiation (all work best in cool climates)
evaporation is most important in hot weather, most effective when humidity is low and primarily occurs in sweating

55
Q

sweat composition

A

fluid and electrolytes, fluid comes from plasma, if plasma volume decreases too much, total blood volume rapidly decreases, meaning there is a decrease in blood pressure, sweating requires blood flow to the skin

56
Q

fluid depletion (dehydration)

A

mostly an issue in warm/hot environments, endurance/3 day horses lose fluid at about 3.5% BW even with water available at rest stops, if you restrict hay and water before competing there will be an increased chance for dehydration

57
Q

affects of heat accumulation and fluid depletion

A

reduce blood flow to muscles by competitions for blood flow between skin and muscle and by reduced plasma (and blood) volume
lower delivery of oxygen to muscles increases anaerobic metabolism and higher lactate accumulation
may also affect blood flow to GI tract, muscle function and integrity and affect the brain

58
Q

feeding nutritional strategies to reduce heat accumulation

A

maximize hydration pre-event
water intake before event, feed diets high in water-holding capacity to enhance water reservoir in GI tract, high fiber diets are favored over low fiber or hay restriction, but this will increase weight carriage

59
Q

feeding and nutritional strategies during event to reduce heat accumulation

A

maximize water intake during the event, accustom horses to drinking during training, judicious use of electrolyte supplements may be helpful during the event

60
Q

how is thirst stimulated?

A

by increase in electrolyte concentrations in plasma, but with high electrolyte losses in sweat of horses, plasma electrolyte concentrations may not change or may decrease

61
Q

what limits performance?

A

depends on event and individual, some components=availability of substrates for ATP synthesis in muscle fibers and end product accumulation (lactic acid and heat), oxygen availability

62
Q

oxygen availability

A

depends on cardiovascular factors-competition for blood flow and blood volume (depletion of plasma volume)
depends on respiratory factors-ability of respiratory system to oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide

63
Q

feeding strategies for optimizing respiratory function

A

minimize inflammation of upper and lower airways, control exposure to dust and mold with hay quality, hay soaking, hay form and hay feeders

Equine nutrition (13 decks)

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