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Metabolism II > Nutritional Genomics > Flashcards

Nutritional Genomics Flashcards

1
Q

The relationship between our nutrition status and our genetic makeup.

A

Nutritional Genomics

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2
Q

How an individual’s genetics affects utilization and response to dietary component

A

Nutrigenetics

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3
Q

How dietary components affect expression of genetic information.

A

Nutrigenomics

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4
Q

Affects absorption, metabolism, utilization of a nutrient. Can increase or decrease disease risk.

A

Genetic variant

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5
Q

Major protein that makes up high density lipoprotein (HDL)

A

Apo A-1

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6
Q

When there is a polymorphism on the genes that express Apo A-1, it changes how the individual responds to …

A

Dietary fat

  • MUFAs stabilize HDL
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7
Q

PUFAs decrease HDL levels -75% of population

A

Homozygous G (GG)

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8
Q

PUFAs increase HDL levels

A

Homozygous A (AA) & Heterozygous (GA)

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9
Q

Where is Apo E protein present? (4)

A
  • Chylomicrons
  • Chylomicron remnants
  • VLDL
  • HDL
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10
Q

What are the 3 main alleles that code for the Apo E protein?

A
  • E2
  • E3
  • E4
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11
Q

Results in lower than average cholesterol

A

E2

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12
Q

What allele that codes for Apo E protein that results in: increased risk of diabetes, decreased protective effects of moderate drinking, & increased health risks with smoking.

A

E4

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13
Q

What is the enzyme responsible for methionine formation from homocysteine?

A

MTHFR: methyl-tetrahydrofolate reductase

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14
Q

C677T & A1298C both are enzyme MTHFR variants and have been investigated in relation to …

A

Cancer susceptibility

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15
Q

The C677 C->T variant occurs in 8 - 15% of the population and results in a reduction of what?

A

MTHFR activity

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16
Q

Has “normal” MTHFR activity

A

Homozygous (CC)

17
Q

45% reduction in MTHFR activity

A

Heterozygous (CT)

18
Q

70% decrease of MTHFR activity

A

Homozygous for the MTHFR T variant (TT)

19
Q

Persons with the TT genotype have low levels of _____ & ________ in the blood.

A

Folate & Vitamin B12

20
Q

The TT genotype results in increased …

A

homocysteine

21
Q

Nutrigenomics is also known as …

A

Epigenetics

22
Q

Set factors that affect gene expression & influenced by dietary/ lifestyle factors; factors outside genetics alone

A

Epigenetics

23
Q

What is an example of epigenetic modification?

A

DNA Methylation

24
Q

List the dietary factors influencing methylation.

A
  • Alcohol - Methionine
  • Arsenic - Pholyphenols
  • Betanine - Selenium
  • Choline - Vitamin A
  • Fiber - Vitamin B6
  • Folate - Vitamin B12
  • Genestein - Zinc
25
Q

What does alcohol decrease?

A

DNA methylation

26
Q

Alcohol inhibits ____ ___ conversion to DHF, used to bring ____ ___ in to the ____ cycle.

A

Folic acid; folate cycle

27
Q

Decrease in DNA methylation inhibits _______ _______, which uses folate/B12 to convert homocysteine to methionine.

A

Methionine synthase

28
Q

Decrease in DNA methylation by alcohol inhibits …, which uses ATP to convert methionine to SAM.

A

Methionine adenosyl transferase

29
Q

Decreases in DNA methylation due to alcohol inhibits …, which transfers methyl group to form SAM to DNA.

A

DNA methyl transferase

30
Q

What term denotes compounds that help catalyze the breakdown of fat molecules in the body?

A

Lipotropes

31
Q

Dietary methyl donors and cofactors that play key roles in 1-carbon metabolism.

A

Lipotropic nutrients

32
Q

List 4 lipotropic nutrients.

A
  • Methionine
  • Choline
  • Folate
  • Betaine
33
Q

Dietary lipotropes influence the availability of …

A

SAM

34
Q

Dietary lipotropes influence the availability of SAM which may influence … (2 things)

A
  • genomic DNA methylation patterns

- the expression of multiple cancer-related genes

35
Q

Methylation in maternal diet can modify what of the offspring?

A

Phenotype

36
Q

What is the result when the agouti mouse’s diet is very low in DNA Methylation?

A

An overweight offspring with a light-colored coat

37
Q

What is the result when the agouti mouse’s diet is very high in DNA Methylation?

A

A normal weight offspring with a dark coat

38
Q

In mice with the same genotype modified epigenotype in utero results in …

A

different phenotype

39
Q

In Nutrigenomics recommendations are based upon an individual’s …

A

genetic makeup

Metabolism II (7 decks)

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