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Metabolism II > Alcohol Metabolism > Flashcards

Alcohol Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Name 5 types of alcohol.

A
  • Methanol
  • Ethanol
  • Propanol
  • Butanol
  • Pentanol
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2
Q

What is the simplest alcohol?

A

Methanol (CH3-OH)

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3
Q

Because it is small and because of the hydroxyl group, ethanol is soluble in what environments?

A

Aqueous & lipid environments

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4
Q

What is the most common type of alcohol consumed in alcoholic beverages?

A

Ethanol

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5
Q

Which type of alcohol can pass freely into body cells (no transporter)

A

Ethanol

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6
Q

Primary catabolic route of ethanol in non-alcoholics, utilizes what enzymes in liver?

A

Alcohol & aldehyde dehydrogenases

  • known as ADH & ALDH enzymes
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7
Q

What is the end product of the primary catabolic route in non-alcoholics?

A

Acetyl CoA -> TCA Cycle

  • or forms Fatty acids
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8
Q

What is the secondary catabolic route all so known as?

A

MEOS CYP2E1 - microsomal ethanol oxidizing system

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9
Q

Secondary catabolic route is upregulated in

A

Alcoholics

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10
Q

Secondary catabolic route utilizes what?

A

Oxygen & NADPH + H+

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11
Q

In the secondary catabolic route what undergoes oxidation?

A

Fatty acids

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12
Q

Secondary catabolic route produces damaging by products such as: (3)

A
  • Lipid hydroperoxides
  • Superoxides
  • Hydroxyl radicals
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13
Q

When the process of ethanol catabolism doesn’t continue to Acetyl CoA, reactive acetylaldehyde can bind to …

A

Proteins (usually lysine portion) & forms an adduct

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14
Q

Adducts can cause major damage to cells and may induce what?

A

Harmful immune response

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15
Q

A highly reactive oxygen radical that participates in adduct formation

A

HER: Hydroxyethyl radical

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16
Q

A reactive molecule that is generated during lipid peroxidation and participates in adduct formation

A

HNE: 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal

MDA: Malondialdehyde

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17
Q

Compounds that contain MDA plus acetaldehyde plus protein components

A

MAA: Mixed MDA-acetaldehyde-protein adducts

18
Q

Proteins that appear to be preferentially modified by aldehydes include: (6)

A
  • Hemoglobin
  • Albumin
  • Tubulin
  • Lipoproteins
  • Collagen
  • Ketosteroid reductase
19
Q

A component of cell structures called microtubules that are essential for cell division as well as for the secretion and transport of proteins within the cells.

A

Tubulin

20
Q

Key to digestion, it influences the production of bile acid biosynthesis

A

Ketosteroid reductase

21
Q

Folate + B12 + B6 =>

A

SAM

22
Q

What are the micronutrients required for alcohol metabolism? (4)

A
  • Folate + B12 + B6 -> SAM
  • Niacin = NAD
  • Zinc
  • Antioxidants (ACES: Vit. A, Vit. C, Vit. E, Selenium)
23
Q

List 5 enzyme systems that combat adducts and oxidative stress.

A
  • SAM
  • Phosphatidylcholine
  • Glutathione (GSH)
  • SOD
  • Catalase
24
Q

What 2 enzyme systems can decrease adduct formation?

A

Phosphatidylcholine & Glutathione (GSH)

25
Q

What enzyme removes hydrogen peroxide, with the by product being water?

A

Catalase

26
Q

With excess ETOH intake what can occur?

A

Fatty liver

27
Q

If ETOH intake continues with fatty liver, it can further lead to …?

A

Fibrosis & cirrhosis of the liver

28
Q

Fatty liver, fibrosis & cirrhosis of the liver could be attenuated by what?

A

Phosphatidylcholine (aka lecithin)

29
Q

What are 4 symptoms of ETOH toxicity “Hangover”

A
  • Dehydration
  • GI Upset
  • Circadian Rhythm Alteration and Sleep Disorders
  • Headache
30
Q

Dehydration is from the decreased release of what hormone, that regulates salt and water balance.

A

Aldosterone

31
Q

Decrease release of aldosterone from dehydration results in?

A

Hypoglycemia & Acidosis

32
Q

Drop in NAD+ /NADH ration is due to

A

Dehydration

33
Q

Dehydration leads to accumulation of

A

Lactic acid

34
Q

Dehydration lowers production of _____, which causes mood changes, & general body weakness.

A

Glucose

35
Q

Low alcohol content beverages stimulate what?

A

Stomach acid production

36
Q

How do hard drinks (>20 vol%) cause GI upset?

A

Irritate stomach lining and cause inflammation

37
Q

What leads to stomach and abdominal pains, nausea, & vomiting?

A

Increased pancreatic secretions combined with increased intestinal activity.

38
Q

Headache symptom of Hangover results from alcohol causing … & influencing …

A
  • Vasodilation of small blood vessels, thins the blood

- Influences neurotransmittes such as histamine, serotonin, prostoglandins.

39
Q

The rise in what following drinking may be the true culprit of hangover symptoms?

A

Acetylaldehyde concentration

40
Q

1 drink per day of red wine is associated with what?

A

Increased HDL cholesterol

41
Q

Red wine may prevent what?

A

Oxidation of lipoproteins

42
Q

Red wine, white wine, and grape juice were all equally able to …., where as alcohol by itself was ineffective.

A

Preserve antioxidant potential

Metabolism II (7 decks)

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