Nutritional Disturbances & Diets For Infants Flashcards
What are some characteristics of Vitamin D deficiency in infants? How would this deficiency be treated?
Characteristics:
- Exclusively BF infants without vitamin D supplement
- Minimal sunlight exposure
- Diets low in vitamin D and calcium
- Milk products not supplemented with vitamin D
Treatment:
- Vitamin D 400 IU/day for:
- Exclusively BF infants until taking 1 L/day vitamin D fortified formula
- Non-BF infants until taking 1 L/day vitamin D fortified formula
What are the manifestations of Vitamin A toxicity in infants?
nausea, jaundice, anorexia, vomiting, weakness; osteoporosis, fractures
What are the manifestations of vitamin D toxicty in infants?
hypercalcemia (nausea, vomiting, lethargy), HTN, kidney stones
What are the macrominerals and how much of each is recommended per day?
calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfur
> 100mg / day
What are some vitamin deficiencies seen in preterm infants?
Preterm infants can have inadequate vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus because it is in the last trimester when the mother will transfer calcium and phosphorus to the fetus.
Describe a vegan diet
No foods of animal origin
Describe the lactovegitarian diet
- No meat or eggs
- Yes eat dairy products
Describe a macrobiotic diet
- Most restrictive type
- Restrict even some fruits, vegetables, and legumes
Describe the lacto-ovo vegitarian diet
- No meat, rarely eat fish
- Yes dairy products, yes eat eggs
What are some deficiencies that can occur with vegitarian diets?
- Inadequate protein for growth
- Inadequate calories for energy and growth
- Poor digestibility of many of the bulky natural, unprocessed foods, especially for infants
- Vitamin B6, B₁₂, niacin, riboflavin, vitamin D, iron, calcium, and zinc
- May require supplements
What are the requirements for adequate protein intake and what are some examples?
- Requires that all essential amino acids must be eaten at the same meal
- The three basic combinations of foods generally provide the appropriate amounts of essential amino acids are:
- Grains (cereal, rice, pasta) + legumes (beans, peas, lentils, peanuts)
- Grains + dairy (milk, cheese, yogurt)
- Seeds (sesame, sunflower) + legumes
What can cause Protein and Energy Malnutrition(PEM) AKA Severe childhood undernutrition (SCU) in the United States?
- Chronic illness (CF, Renal dialysis, cancer, and GI malabsorption)
- Elderly with chronic malnutrition
- Untreated anorexia nervosa
- Adequate food*
- Lack of sanitation (death from diarrhea)*
* occur in 3rd world countries
What is Kwashiorkor and what are some characteristics of this PEM?
- Malnutrition caused by a deficiention in protein intake but adequate calorie intake
- Cultural, physiologic, infective etiologies
Signs:
- Edema and muscle wasting
- Large abdomen due to ascites
- Skin scaly and dry
- Blindness from vita A deficiency
- Other deficiencies: Fe, Ca, Zn
- Diarrhea (persistent diarrhea malnutrition syndrome)
- ↑susceptibility to infection
What is Marasmus and what are some characteristics of this PEM?
- General malnutrition of both calories and protein; insufficient quality and quantity of food
- Often seen with drought conditions in underdeveloped countries
- Physical and emotional deprivation
- Gradual wasting and atrophy of body tissues
- No edema, but loose wrinkled skin + small head size
How would you treat Kwashiorkor or Marasmus?
Provide diet in high quality protein, CHO carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals
If PEM d/t diarrhea:
- Oral rehydration
- Medications (antibiotics, anti-diarrheals)
- Provision of adequate nutrition with BF or proper weaning diet
