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Pathology > Nutritional Animia > Flashcards

Nutritional Animia Flashcards

1
Q

anemia is defined

A

hemoglobin (Hb) levels <120 g/L in women and <130 g/L in men

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2
Q

Anemia affects ……

A

tissue oxygenation

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3
Q

Animia leads to ….

A

Organ Dysfunction

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4
Q

Clinical Consequences Of Anemia Depend On:

A
  • Hemoglobin level
  • The rapidity with which anemia developes
  • Age of the patient
  • Compensatory mechanisms of the body
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5
Q

What are Anemia Causes

A 
● Blood Loss Anemia
● Decreased Production:
-Nutritional deficiency anemias - Iron, B12, Folate
- Marrow disease, malignancy, radiation
● Increased Destruction: 
-Hemolytic anemia
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6
Q

What are the Requirements for Red Blood Cell Production

A

● Erythropoeitin
● Amino acids, required for globin synthesis
● Iron
● Vitamin B12 and folic acid
● Vitamin B6
● Vitamin C
● Thyroid hormones, estrogens and androgens

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7
Q

Definition – Nutritional Anemia

A

A condition in which the hemoglobin content of blood is lower than normal as a result of a deficiency of one or more essential nutrients

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8
Q

…..The commonest type of anemia worldwide

A

Iron deficiency anemia

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9
Q

Cause Iron deficiency anemia is ….

A

low iron stores in the body

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10
Q

….important for heme synthesis in hemoglobin molecule

A

Iron

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11
Q

Heme iron found in …

A

Meat, fish, liver

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12
Q

Non-heme iron found in …

A

Vegetables

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13
Q

Iron absorbed in the ….

A

Duodenum

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14
Q

The majority of this iron (Above 2 grams Or 2000 mg) is…..

A

circulating the body inside the RBCs within

the hemoglobin molecules

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15
Q

The 2nd most important place for iron is in the

A

liver

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16
Q

how much of the ingested iron is absorbed ?

A

10-20%

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17
Q

how can the iron losset ?

A

Each day your body loses iron through desquamated cells shedding and so on

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18
Q

what gonna happen to the iron level if a person doesn’t keep eating iron

A

the shedding of iron alone will make him

deficient

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19
Q

after rbcs life spane what gonna happen to their iron?

A

RBCs die they die on macrophage and it keeps the iron
until it’s either stored in the liver or it’s manufactured again as new hemoglobin molecule. So some
iron is in the reticuloendothelial system and a little bit of iron is utilized in other tissues like
myoglobin

20
Q

what happened after the iron absorbed?

A

transfirrin:. In the plasma transferrin carries iron and
delivering it either to the bone marrow to function and work in synthesizing hemoglobin for RBCs or deliver it to liver to storage as
ferritin: the main
form of stored iron

21
Q

what is the importance of ferriportin?

A 
blocks the
entry of iron
through
ferroportin. It
blocks iron
absorption
when it’s not
needed
anymore.
22
Q

Production of hepcidin is regulated by…

A

iron

23
Q

what happened when iron is deficient

A

hepatocytes produce less or no

hepcidin, allowing more iron to enter plasma.

24
Q

what happened to the patients who went
through a lot of blood
transfusions?

A

they build up
iron in the body, increasing
hepcidin

25
Q

mention the causes of iron defecincy anemia ?????

A 
● Blood loss
- Gastrointestinal tract
- Genitourinary tract
● Inadequate Intake
-Insufficient dietary iron
● Impaired Absorption
- Gastric surgery
- Intestinal malabsorption
-Celiac disease
● Increased Iron
Requirements
- Pregnancy and lactation
26
Q

what happened if theBreast milk is deficient
in iron. If kids take only
brats milk without other
sources of food?

A

develop iron deficiency

27
Q

what is the problem with gastric bypass?

A

a part of the stomach is removed so part of the place where iron
is absorbed is removed, also the acidity of the stomach which
help in absorption is removed, leading to the deficiency if they
don’t take supplements

28
Q

what are the symptoms of amenia ?

A

● Tiredness (fatigue)
● Dyspnea on exertion
● Headaches
● Palpitations

29
Q

what are the clinical featers of iron defecincy anemia ??

A
  • Pallor

- and others in slide 19

30
Q

The best laboratory indicator of body iron stores is the serum …

A

ferritin level

31
Q

mention the Management of IDA

A

Replacement therapy

ferrous sulfate or gluconate

32
Q
  • CausesMegaloblastic Anemia- are 3 mention
A

1: vit B12 deficiency
2: folate deficiency
3: Abnormalities of their metabolism

33
Q

vitamin b12 called …

A

Cobalamine

34
Q

vitamin b12 found in ….only

A

meat
milk
egg and pultry
shellfish

35
Q

B12 / Cobalamin Deficiency- Causes are

A 
● Inadequate intake (vegans)
● Gastric failure
- Pernicious anemia
- Total gastrectomy
● Ileal failure
- Crohn’s dis
- Ileal resection
- Tropical sprue
● Competing organisms
- Fish tapeworm
- Bacterial overgrowth (blind loop)
36
Q

….. is (Helper of vit B12)

A

folic acid

37
Q 
.....is also
important for
the closure of
the neural tube
in fetuses
A

foate

38
Q

Spina bifida due to

A

folate deficiency

39
Q

what are folat defecincy causes ???/

A 
● Folate-poor diet
- Alcoholism
- Severe poverty
● Increased folate requirement
- Pregnancy
- Hemolytic anemia
● Drug therapy
● Malabsorption
40
Q

Clinical Features of Megalomaniac
Anemia
are

A 
Fatigue, 
weight loss,
 diarrhea, 
loss of appetite,
 fever,
sore tongue 
and jaundice
41
Q

B12 Deficiency- CNS Manifestations

Neurologic are

A

-Parasthesias
-Peripheral neuropathy
-Demyelination of dorsal columns and
corticospinal tract

42
Q

Psychiatric pioblems could happen are …

A

● Irritability, personality change

● Mild memory impairment, dementia

43
Q

Pernicious Anemia are …

A

Autoantibodies attacks the IFs thus no absorption

of B12 occurs

44
Q 
Pernicious Anemia (PA)
signs and Symptoms
A 
Red beefy tongue
Pernicious Anemia (PA)
signs and Symptoms
Early graying of hair
Vitiligo
45
Q

Begin treatment with both B12 and folate [ ]

A

T

46
Q

Treatment of Vitamin B12 Deficiency?

A

Oral cobalamin

Parenteral cobalamin

47
Q

Treatment of Folate Deficiency?

A

Treat underlying cause

Oral folate supplementation

Pathology (6 decks)

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