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MEH > Nutrition, Weight, Diet > Flashcards

Nutrition, Weight, Diet Flashcards

1
Q

What is a catabolic process?

A

Breaking down molecules to release energy

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2
Q

What is an anabolic process?

A

Using energy and raw materials to make larger molecules

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3
Q

What processes require energy? (4)

A
  • ion transport
  • muscle contraction
  • biosynthesis
  • thermogenesis (heat production)
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4
Q

What is excess ‘fuel’ stored as? (2)

A
  • fat in adipose tissue
  • glycogen in liver and muscle cells
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5
Q

What is biosynthesis?

A

Synthesis of cellular components

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6
Q

What is a exergonic reaction?

A

Energy released > energy input
Negative GFE

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7
Q

What is the opposite of exergonic?

A

Endergonic

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8
Q

What does isothermal mean?

A

Temperature remains constant

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9
Q

How is energy release from ATP?

A

Oxidation reaction
Phosphoidiester bond hydrolysed

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10
Q

What is BMR?
How do you calculate it?

A

Energy required to maintain life
100 x weight (kg)

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11
Q

What is the BMR controlled by?

A

Thyroid hormones

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12
Q

Why is the BMR lower for women?

A

They have more adipose tissue
Which is less metabolically active than lean muscle tissue

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13
Q

What causes BMR to be higher? (2)

A

Hyperthyroidism
Pregnancy and lactation

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14
Q

What requires a constant supply of glucose?

A

The brain
Red blood cells

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15
Q

Why do you not need to consume glucose?

A
  • can make it through gluconeogenesis
  • synthesised from galactose and fructose
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16
Q

Why are fats important in the diet? (3)

A
  • high energy yield - can eat less
  • required for the absorption of fat soluble vitamins
  • provide essential fatty acids
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17
Q

What is 1Kcal?

A

Amount of energy needed to raise the temp on 1kg of water by one degree celcius

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18
Q

Give an example of a mono, di and polysaccharide

A

Glucose
Sucrose
Starch

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19
Q

What are three polymers of glucose?

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

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20
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

Cannot be synthesised
Must be obtained from the diet

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21
Q

What is the best protein source and why?

A

Animal origin
Contain all essential amino acids

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22
Q

Comparison of fats with carbohydrates and proteins
Explain why

A

Require more energy when oxidised
Less oxygen

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23
Q

Why are electrolytes required?

A
  • Establish ion gradients across memebranes
  • Maintain water balance
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24
Q

What are iron, calcium and phosphorus used for?

A

Iron - component of haemoglobin
Calcium - signalling molecule, structure of bones and teeth
Phosphorus - structure of bones and teeth

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25
Q

What are the components of IV fluid?

A

Na+, K+, Cl- 1mmol/kg/day
Water 30ml/kg/day

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26
Q

What is special about fibre?

A

Cannot be broken down by human digestive enzymes

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27
Q

Give three examples of fibre

A

Cellulose
Pectin
Lignin

28
Q

Three benefits of a high fire diet

A
  • essential for GI tract
  • reduced cholesterol
  • lowered risk of diabetes
29
Q

A low fibre diet is associated with what two things?

A

Constipation
Bowel cancer

30
Q

What effects the nutrient requirements?

A

Age
Gender
Level of physical activity

31
Q

X

A
32
Q

What are nutritional requirements only useful for

A

Assessing requirements for groups - like gender and age

33
Q

How much water are you recommend to consume per day

A

6-8 glasses

34
Q

What are the calorie requirements for men and women

A

2500kcal
2000kcal

35
Q

What factors make up the daily energy expenditure?

A
  • BMR
  • Physical activity level
  • Diet induced thermogenesis (energy required to process food)
36
Q

What factors effect the BMR?

A
  • body size (SA)
  • gender
  • environmental temp (higher in the cold)
  • endocrine status (thyroid levels)
  • body temp (higher when hotter)
37
Q

What muscles require energy during physical activity? (3)

A

Skeletal
Heart
Respiratory

38
Q

Compare the time usage of muscle store, carbohydrate and adipose

A

Muscle - very short
Carbohydrate - immediate
Adipose - long term

39
Q

What energy store is used in extreme conditions?

A

Muscle proteins

40
Q

What causes fat to accumulate in adipose tissue?

A

Energy intake exceeding energy expenditure

41
Q

What are three health effects of obesity?

A

Type 2 diabetes
Cardiovascular disease
Cancers

42
Q

What is the calculation for BMI?

A

Weight (kg) / height^2 (m^2)

43
Q

BMI for underweight

A

<18.5

44
Q

BMI for desirable weight

A

18.5-24.9

45
Q

BMI for overweight

A

25-29.9

46
Q

BMI for obese

A

30-34.9

47
Q

BMI for severely obese

A

> 35

48
Q

What is a negative of using BMI?

A

Muscular individuals may be classified as obese

49
Q

What is the alternative of BMI?

A

Waist:Hip

50
Q

What risks are associated with greater proportion of fat in the upper body?

A
  • insulin resistance
  • type 2 diabetes
  • hypertension
  • hyperinsulinism - unregulated insulin secretion from the beta-cells
  • premature death
51
Q

What is the condition in which a young child has a protein deficiency and oedema?

A

Kwashiorkor

52
Q

What is the condition in which a young child is protein deficient and emaciated?

A

Marasmus

53
Q

What law summaries how an oedema forms?

A

Starlings law

54
Q

How does refeeding syndrome work?

A

Rapid re-introduction of protein and food
Increase in blood sugar and insulin
Resulting in processes that require phosphate, magnesium and potassium
Resulting in an electrolyte imbalance

55
Q

What causes a fatty liver?

A

Deficiency of essential amino acids
Liver is unable to synthesise sufficient lipoproteins
Lipids accumulate in the liver instead of being transported

56
Q

What type of carbohydrate is glucose?

A

6 C
Monosaccharide

57
Q

Why do fats have the most energy?

A

Contain less oxygen
Can yield more energy through oxidation reactions

58
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

59
Q

What does it mean when someone is obese?

A

Excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue

60
Q

What causes marasmus?

A

Deficiency in all nutrients
Inadequate energy intake

61
Q

Why do people with kwashiorkor have fatty livers?

A

No proteins to make enzymes or transporters
The fats can’t be moved or metabolised
Stored in the liver

62
Q

What causes people with kwashiorkor to have oedemas?

A

Lack of protein intake
Can’t produce the plasma protein albumin
Lower oncotic pressure in the venous end of capillarities
Less fluid returns to blood vessels

63
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

64
Q

How much food is consumed over the course of a year?

A

500kg

65
Q

Rough daily energy expenditure for a male and female in KJ/day

A

12,000

9,500

MEH (10 decks)

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