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Nutrition, Weight, Diet Flashcards

1
Q

What is a catabolic process?

A

Breaking down molecules to release energy

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2
Q

What is an anabolic process?

A

Using energy and raw materials to make larger molecules

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3
Q

What processes require energy? (4)

A
  • ion transport
  • muscle contraction
  • biosynthesis
  • thermogenesis (heat production)
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4
Q

What is excess ‘fuel’ stored as? (2)

A
  • fat in adipose tissue
  • glycogen in liver and muscle cells
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5
Q

What is biosynthesis?

A

Synthesis of cellular components

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6
Q

What is a exergonic reaction?

A

Energy released > energy input
Negative GFE

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7
Q

What is the opposite of exergonic?

A

Endergonic

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8
Q

What does isothermal mean?

A

Temperature remains constant

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9
Q

How is energy release from ATP?

A

Oxidation reaction
Phosphoidiester bond hydrolysed

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10
Q

What is BMR?
How do you calculate it?

A

Energy required to maintain life
100 x weight (kg)

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11
Q

What is the BMR controlled by?

A

Thyroid hormones

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12
Q

Why is the BMR lower for women?

A

They have more adipose tissue
Which is less metabolically active than lean muscle tissue

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13
Q

What causes BMR to be higher? (2)

A

Hyperthyroidism
Pregnancy and lactation

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14
Q

What requires a constant supply of glucose?

A

The brain
Red blood cells

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15
Q

Why do you not need to consume glucose?

A
  • can make it through gluconeogenesis
  • synthesised from galactose and fructose
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16
Q

Why are fats important in the diet? (3)

A
  • high energy yield - can eat less
  • required for the absorption of fat soluble vitamins
  • provide essential fatty acids
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17
Q

What is 1Kcal?

A

Amount of energy needed to raise the temp on 1kg of water by one degree celcius

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18
Q

Give an example of a mono, di and polysaccharide

A

Glucose
Sucrose
Starch

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19
Q

What are three polymers of glucose?

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

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20
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

Cannot be synthesised
Must be obtained from the diet

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21
Q

What is the best protein source and why?

A

Animal origin
Contain all essential amino acids

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22
Q

Comparison of fats with carbohydrates and proteins
Explain why

A

Require more energy when oxidised
Less oxygen

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23
Q

Why are electrolytes required?

A
  • Establish ion gradients across memebranes
  • Maintain water balance
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24
Q

What are iron, calcium and phosphorus used for?

A

Iron - component of haemoglobin
Calcium - signalling molecule, structure of bones and teeth
Phosphorus - structure of bones and teeth

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25
What are the components of IV fluid?
Na+, K+, Cl- 1mmol/kg/day Water 30ml/kg/day
26
What is special about fibre?
Cannot be broken down by human digestive enzymes
27
Give three examples of fibre
Cellulose Pectin Lignin
28
Three benefits of a high fire diet
- essential for GI tract - reduced cholesterol - lowered risk of diabetes
29
A low fibre diet is associated with what two things?
Constipation Bowel cancer
30
What effects the nutrient requirements?
Age Gender Level of physical activity
31
X
32
What are nutritional requirements only useful for
Assessing requirements for groups - like gender and age
33
How much water are you recommend to consume per day
6-8 glasses
34
What are the calorie requirements for men and women
2500kcal 2000kcal
35
What factors make up the daily energy expenditure?
- BMR - Physical activity level - Diet induced thermogenesis (energy required to process food)
36
What factors effect the BMR?
- body size (SA) - gender - environmental temp (higher in the cold) - endocrine status (thyroid levels) - body temp (higher when hotter)
37
What muscles require energy during physical activity? (3)
Skeletal Heart Respiratory
38
Compare the time usage of muscle store, carbohydrate and adipose
Muscle - very short Carbohydrate - immediate Adipose - long term
39
What energy store is used in extreme conditions?
Muscle proteins
40
What causes fat to accumulate in adipose tissue?
Energy intake exceeding energy expenditure
41
What are three health effects of obesity?
Type 2 diabetes Cardiovascular disease Cancers
42
What is the calculation for BMI?
Weight (kg) / height^2 (m^2)
43
BMI for underweight
<18.5
44
BMI for desirable weight
18.5-24.9
45
BMI for overweight
25-29.9
46
BMI for obese
30-34.9
47
BMI for severely obese
>35
48
What is a negative of using BMI?
Muscular individuals may be classified as obese
49
What is the alternative of BMI?
Waist:Hip
50
What risks are associated with greater proportion of fat in the upper body?
- insulin resistance - type 2 diabetes - hypertension - hyperinsulinism - unregulated insulin secretion from the beta-cells - premature death
51
What is the condition in which a young child has a protein deficiency and oedema?
Kwashiorkor
52
What is the condition in which a young child is protein deficient and emaciated?
Marasmus
53
What law summaries how an oedema forms?
Starlings law
54
How does refeeding syndrome work?
Rapid re-introduction of protein and food Increase in blood sugar and insulin Resulting in processes that require phosphate, magnesium and potassium Resulting in an electrolyte imbalance
55
What causes a fatty liver?
Deficiency of essential amino acids Liver is unable to synthesise sufficient lipoproteins Lipids accumulate in the liver instead of being transported
56
What type of carbohydrate is glucose?
6 C Monosaccharide
57
Why do fats have the most energy?
Contain less oxygen Can yield more energy through oxidation reactions
58
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
59
What does it mean when someone is obese?
Excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue
60
What causes marasmus?
Deficiency in all nutrients Inadequate energy intake
61
Why do people with kwashiorkor have fatty livers?
No proteins to make enzymes or transporters The fats can’t be moved or metabolised Stored in the liver
62
What causes people with kwashiorkor to have oedemas?
Lack of protein intake Can’t produce the plasma protein albumin Lower oncotic pressure in the venous end of capillarities Less fluid returns to blood vessels
63
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
64
How much food is consumed over the course of a year?
500kg
65
Rough daily energy expenditure for a male and female in KJ/day
12,000 9,500

MEH (10 decks)

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