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MEH > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
What property does this lead to?

A

Hydrophobic

Insoluble in water

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2
Q

What are the three types of lipids used as fuel molecules?

A

Fatty acids
Triacylglycerols
Ketone bodies

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3
Q

What are the three classes of lipids?

A

Fatty acid derivatives

Hydroxy-methyl-glutaric acid derivatives

Vitamins

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4
Q

What class of lipids are fatty acids, triacylglycerols and ketone bodies a part of?

A

Fatty acid and triacylglycerols - fatty acid derivatives
Ketone bodies - hydroxy-methyl-glutaric acid derivatives

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5
Q

Key point about ketone bodies

A

Water soluble

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6
Q

Where are triacylglycerols stored?
So when are they utilised? (3)

A

Adipose tissue
In prolonged exercise, starvation and pregnancy

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7
Q

Are triacylglycerols hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
So how are they stored?

A

Hydrophobic
Anhydrous form

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8
Q

What stage of catabolism are triacylglyerols metabolised?
Where?

A

Stage 1
Extracellular in the GI tract

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9
Q

What are fatty acids stored as?
Where are they stored?
Where are they converted into this?

A

Triglyceride

Adipose tissue

GI tract

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10
Q

What are fatty acids packaged into? (2)
Where are they then released?

A

Lipoproteins
Chylomicrons (lipoproteins and lipids compacted together)

Circulation via lymphatics

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11
Q

What are triglycerides released as when required?
What complex are they transported to the tissue as?

A

Fatty acids

Albumin-fatty acid complex

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12
Q

What are fatty acids activated by during their catabolism?
Where?

A

Linking to the CoA
Mitochondria

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13
Q

What is the fatty acid-CoA complex transported by?
Across where?

A

Carnitine shuttle

Across the inner mitchondrial membrane

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14
Q

What type of reactions do fatty acids go through in their catabolism?
What is removed each sequence?

A

Oxidative

C2

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15
Q

Why are carnitine shuttles used?

A

Fatty acid CoA complexes do not readily cross the inner mitochondrial membrane

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16
Q

What controls the rate of fatty acid oxidation?
Why?

A

Carnitine shuttles
As they are regulated by AMP and insulin

17
Q

What does beta oxidation generate?

A

Acetyl CoA

Reducing powers

18
Q

Compare the energy store of fats compared to carbohydrates

A

Fats is a higher energy fuel

19
Q

What reaction is fatty acid and glycerol metabolism?

A

Beta oxidation

20
Q

Where does beta oxidation occur?
What does it require?
What is it regulated by?

A

Mitochondria

O2

AMP and insulin

21
Q

What are the two key examples of glycerol?

A

Glycerol phosphate

23bisphosphoglycerate

22
Q

Where is glycerol phosphate produced? (2)

A

Adipose tissue and the liver

23
Q

What is a use of glycerol phosphate?

A

Triglyceride and phospholipid biosynthesis

24
Q

Where is 23bisphosphoglycerate produced?

A

Red blood cells

25
Q

Function of 23bisphosphoglycerate

A

Regulator of haemoglobin O2 affinity

26
Q

Where is glycerol metabolised?

A

Liver

27
Q

Where are ketone bodies generated?
In what organelle?
From what?

A

Liver

Mitochondria

Acetyl CoA

28
Q

When is the production of ketone bodies high?
When what is in excess?

A

During fasting

CoA

29
Q

What is the solubility of ketone bodies?
Acid or base?

A

Soluble

Acidic

30
Q

Where are ketone bodies used?

A

Peripheral tissues (muscle)

31
Q

What is produced when the insulin:glucagon is high?
As, what is inhibited and activated?
What does this indicate about food intake?

A

Cholesterol

Lyase and reductase

Fed

32
Q

What is produced when the insulin:glucagon is low?
As, what is inhibited and activated?
What does this indicate about food intake?

A

Ketone bodies

Reductase and lyase

Starved

33
Q

Saturation of fatty acids?

A

Saturated or unsaturated

34
Q

Fatty acids are amphipathic, what does this mean?

A

Contain hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups

35
Q

Why are some fatty acids essential?

A

Mammals cannot introduce a double bond beyond C9

MEH (10 decks)

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