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midterm > Nutrition/Prevention > Flashcards

Nutrition/Prevention Flashcards

1
Q

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

A

improve long-term health by reducing the risk of chronic diseases

Heart disease
Osteoporosis
Cancer

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2
Q

Six Key Nutrients

A 
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
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3
Q

Energy Releasing Nutrients

A

Carbohydrates
Fats
Protein

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4
Q

What is the primary function of Carbohydrates ?

A

converted into energy and the body uses hem as chief so of energy

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5
Q

the study of nutrition is …

A

the science of how the body uses food for development, growth, repair, and maintenance

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6
Q

The Healthy People reports…

A

are reports that describe the national goals and objective for improving the health of Americans

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7
Q

simple sugars

A

: formed in mouth from refined carbohydrates (sugar, syrup, jelly crackers etc.)

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8
Q

complex carbohydrates aka starch

A

found in grains, veggies, and fruits

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9
Q

dietary fibers aka roughage

A

food that is not digested and absored into the body

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10
Q

Any food that contains sugars or other carbohydrates that can be metabolized by bacteria in plaque is described as being

A

cariogenic

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11
Q

cariogenic

A

Producing or promoting dental decay

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12
Q

Factors in Determining Cariogenicity

A

how long food stays in the mouth

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13
Q

Sugary liquids

A

Leave quickly

Not as cariogenic

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14
Q

Sticky foods

A

Raisins, caramels
Adhere to teeth
Stay in mouth longer

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15
Q

Frequency with which cariogenic food eaten

A

More important than amount

All day snacking causes more decay

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16
Q

What is function of Protein?

A

Provide Structure

Builds muscle and regulate body processes

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17
Q

What makes up proteins?

A

20 amino acids

8 considered essential amino acids

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18
Q

Essential amino acids must come from food

A

Cannot be produced by the body

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19
Q

What is the function of Fats?

A

Provides Energy, Essential fatty acids , transport for fat soluble vitamins , insulation, cushion organs

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20
Q

What is Cholesterol?

A

A fat found in saturated fats (from animal sources)

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21
Q

High Density

Lipoprotein (HDL)

A

good fats

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22
Q

(LDL)
Low-Density
Lipoprotein

A

bad fats

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23
Q

What is the primary function of vitamins?

A

Function with enzymes

Needed to release energy from carbs, fats, proteins

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24
Q

What is the primary function of Minerals

A

Component of body structure

Part of enzyme and organic molecules

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25
Q

What is the function of Water?

A

Helps build tissue, aids in regulating body temperature, lubricates joints and mucous membranes

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26
Q

nutrients

A

components in food that are needed by the body

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27
Q

the only nutrients that can build and repair body tissues are

A

proteins

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28
Q

a well balanced mixture of all 8 essential amino acids can be found in a ?

A

complete protein

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29
Q

forgotten nutrient

A

water

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30
Q

MyPyramid is an outline of what to each each day. The largest portion of the pyramid is?

A

grains

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31
Q

RDA- Recommended Dietary Allowances

A

the amount of essential nutrients needed on a daily basis to prevent deficiency disease

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32
Q

what are nutrients

A

organic/inorganic chemicals in food that supply energy

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33
Q

what is an amino acid

A

compounds in proteins used by the body to build and repair tissue

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34
Q

what is a complete protein

A

a well balanced mixture of all 8 essential amino acids

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35
Q

what systemic diseases are related to excess fat in the diet

A

High Density
Lipoprotein (GOOD)- polyunsaturated na monounsaturated fats

and

Low Density
Lipoprotein (BAD)- cholesterol and saturated fats

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36
Q

which type of vitamin is stored in the body and is not destroyed by cooking?

A

Fat soluble- A, D, E, K

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37
Q

which vitamins are referred to as the B-complex vitamins?

A

Water soluble- B and C

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38
Q

which minerals are required by the body in the largest quantities

A

sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and phosphorous

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39
Q

Dental Caries

A

Tooth Decay

An infectious bacterial disease

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40
Q

Bacteria in mouth can …

A

Metabolize fermentable carbohydrates

Generate acids as waste products

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41
Q

Specific bacteria responsible

A

Streptococcus mutans

Lactobacilli

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42
Q

Streptococcus mutans

A

Major pathogenic bacteria in plaque

Pathogenic = disease producing

Not found in newborns

Passed from mother to newborn via saliva

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43
Q

Lactobacillis

A

Indicates high sugar intake

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44
Q

Dental Plaque

A

Consist of colorless, soft sticky coating that adheres to teeth

Major cause of caries and periodontal disease.

Consist chiefly of bacteria and bacterial products.

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45
Q

Main bacteria present of dental plaque

A

Streptococcus mutans.

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46
Q

Dental Plaque

A

Visible plaque consist of millions of colonies of microorganisms

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47
Q

Microscopically bacterial colonies are embedded into the

A

pellicle

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48
Q

Pellicle: (acquired pellicle)

A

is a non-bacterial structure composed of complex sugar proteins

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49
Q

Stages of Plaque Formation

A

Acquired pellicle
Plaque formation
Calculus formation

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50
Q

Plaque formation:

A

bacteria, saliva, leukocytes, epithelial cells and food debris.

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51
Q

Calculus formation aka tarter

A

hard deposits of calcified plaque.

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52
Q

Types of Dental Plaque and Calculus

A

Supra gingival

Subgingival

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53
Q

Supra gingival:

A

that plaque or calculus which forms above the gingiva.

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54
Q

Supra gingival characteristics

A

Gray to yellowish gray or creamy white.
Develops on tooth surfaces, restorations,appliances, and dentures.
Accumulates on the gingival third of teeth.
Accumulates on molars more than any other teeth.

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55
Q

Subgingival plaque or calculus:

A

that plaque or calculus which forms below the gingiva.

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56
Q

Sub gingival characteristics

A

Area is less accessible to toothbrush or dental floss.
Bacteria are usually anaerobic.
Dark gray to brown in color.

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57
Q

Plaque’s Relationship to Food

A

Bacteria in plaque use nutrients in food, particularly sugary solutions, as an energy source.

Acid is produced each time a cariogenic food is ingested.

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58
Q

Review of Enamel Structure

A

Most highly mineralized tissue of body

Stronger than bone

Consist of hydroxyapatite crystals

Crystals surrounded by water

Allows Water flow

59
Q

hydroxyapatite crystals

A

Arranged structural layers – rods

Rods known as prisms

60
Q

Water allows flow of

A

Acids into tooth

Minerals out of tooth

61
Q

The Caries Process:

Requires three simultaneous factors

A

A susceptible tooth

Diet rich in fermentable carbohydrates

Specific bacteria

62
Q

Stages in Caries Development

A

Can take months to years to develop

Occurs when more minerals are lost than enamel deposited

Dynamic ongoing process

63
Q

Stages of Caries Development

A

Demineralization

Remineralization

64
Q

Demineralization

A

Dissolving of calcium and phosphate from hydroxyapitite crystals

65
Q

Remineralization

A

Redeposit of calcium and phosphate

66
Q

Process of de- and re-mineralization can occur…

A

without loss of tooth structure

67
Q

Carbonated apatite

A

A mineral in enamel

Makes it easier for tooth structure to dissolve

68
Q

Stages of Carious Lesion Development:

Incipient carious lesion

A

Caries begins to demineralize enamel

Occurs as a white lesion in enamel

69
Q

Overt (frank) lesion

A

Characterized by cavitation
Development of hole or cavity
Usually dark in color
Can be various colors

70
Q

Various colors of overt(frank) lesion

A

Orange
Yellow
Green
Brown/black

71
Q

Stages of Carious Lesion Development:

Rampant Caries

A

Multiple areas of cavitation
Frequent or excessive sucrose intake
Following xerostomia

72
Q

xerostomia

A

Dry mouth

73
Q

Carious Lesions Occurrence

A

Pit and fissures
Smooth surfaces
Root Surfaces
Secondary (recurrent) caries

74
Q

Secondary (recurrent) caries

A

Under or surrounding restorations

75
Q

Root Surfaces

A

Any root surface

Only happens if you have recession

76
Q

Smooth surfaces

A

Intact enamel other than p&f

77
Q

Pit and fissures

A

Occlusal surfaces

Buccal/lingual grooves – posterior teeth

Lingual pits – anterior teeth

78
Q

Diagnosis of Caries

A

Dental Explorer
Radiographs
Visual Appearance

79
Q

Dental Explorer

A

Sharp tip pressed into caries and will “stick”

80
Q

Radiographs

A

Dental x-rays

Detects interproximal decay

81
Q

Visual Appearance

A

Dark stained grooves

Open lesions

82
Q

Indicator Dyes

A

Applied to inside of preparation

Color change if decay is present

83
Q

Laser Caries Detector

A

Reveals bacterial activity under enamel

84
Q

dental decay is…

A

A communicable bacterial infection
A disease that affects older adults
The most common chronic childhood disease

85
Q

what is not an example of fermentable carbohydrate

A

proteins and fats

86
Q

which is not true of dental plaque

A

it is removed by the tongue or by rinsing the mouth with water or mouthwash

87
Q

destruction of the tooth structure is not…

A

repaired by cooked starch, such as bread, potatoes, rice and pasta

88
Q

recurrent caries

A

a carious lesion that occurs on the tooth around a restoration

89
Q

what is the first stage a carious lesion

A

incipient

90
Q

what is the mineral in the enamel that makes the tooth structure easier to dissolve?

A

carbonated apatite

91
Q

why are exposed root surfaces more susceptible to caries than enamel

A

bc it has less mineral content and more soluble

92
Q

what 3 protective mechanisms are produced by saliva

A

Speed up oral clearance
Provides calcium and phosphate for remineralization
Protects hard and soft tissue from drying

93
Q

The goal of a plaque control program is to?

A

remove plaque at least once per day.

94
Q

how long does it take for plaque to reform

A

24 hours

95
Q

Disclosing Agents

A

Plaque is virtually invisible until it accumulates.

Disclosing agents temporarily color plaque to make it visible.

Consist of tablets or solutions.

Chew tablet or paint solution on the teeth.

96
Q

Toothbrushing Methods

A 
Selection
Bass Method
Modified Stillman Method
Charters
Fones
97
Q

Toothbrushing Methods: Bass

A

Recommended for routine patients with or without periodontal involvement.

Toothbrush placed at 45 degree angle to long axis of the tooth.

Move gently back and forth with vibratory motion for approx. 20 strokes

Roll brush from gingiva to crown in sweeping motion (Modified Bass)

98
Q

Toothbrushing Methods: Stillman

A

Recommended to prevent abrasive tissue destruction in areas with progressive gingival recession and root exposure

Soft toothbrush

Bristles rest partially on cervical portion and partially on gingiva angle toward gingiva

Apply pressure against gingiva to produce visible blancing

99
Q

Bridge Threader

A

to clean under fixed bridge

100
Q

Interproximal Aids

A

Interproximal brushes

Stimudent

101
Q

Interproximal brushes

A

Used for periodontal conditions

102
Q

Stimudent

A

Soft wooden tips

103
Q

Oral Irrigation Devices

A

Water picks

Supra-gingival irrigation – above gingiva

Sub-gingival irrigation – useful with periodontal patients

Used after periodontal surgery

104
Q

Water picks:

A

Uses water or therapeutic rinse

Delivers pulsating stream of water or chemical agent

Beneficial with orthodontic appliances

105
Q

Dental Prophylaxis aka prophy

A

The complete removal of calculus, soft deposits and plaque.

Requires a dentist or hygienist to remove.

106
Q

Coronal Polishing

A

Removes plaque and stain from the teeth

Strictly limited to clinical crowns of teeth

In some states assigned to assistants with expanded functions

107
Q

Clinical crown:

A

that portion of tooth visible in the oral cavity

108
Q

Indications for Coronal Polishing

A 
Removal of plaque, stains or both
No calculus is present
Selective polishing
Placement of dental dams
Placement of temporary crowns
Cementation of orthodontic bands/brackets
Application of acid etching solution 
Cementation of crowns/bridges
109
Q

Selective polishing

A

Only certain teeth or surfaces are polished

When some but not all surfaces are affected by stain or plaque

110
Q

Contraindications for Coronal Polishing

A 
Lack of stain or plaque
Patients at high risk for dental caries
Patients at risk for transient bacterimia who require prophylactic administration of antibiotics
Sensitive teeth
Newly erupted teeth
111
Q

which method of toothbrushing is best for cleaning artificial teeth and around orthodontic appliances

A

charters method

112
Q

perio-aid

A

an interdental cleaning aid that can be used in hard to reach areas where gingival recession is present

113
Q

the coronal polishing procedure is indicated…

A

prior to dental dam placement

114
Q

the trophy angle is held in…

A

pen grasp

115
Q

for coronal polishing, the recommended low speed handpick is…

A

20,000 rpm

116
Q

Pediatric Standard of Care Changed

A

Infants now seen in dental office at age one

Old standard was at age 3

117
Q

Reason for new standard

A

Early intervention of dental caries

Parental education:
Mothers taught to recognize and prevent dental disease in themselves and their families
Mother taught to lift their children’s lips to look for any stains, white spots or dark areas on teeth

118
Q

what is an early sign of tooth decay

A

white spots on teeth

119
Q

Early Dental Care

A

Many women do not seek dental care during pregnancy

Dental care is an important aspect of total prenatal care

120
Q

Why do Many women not seek dental care during pregnancy

A

they believe they do not have any dental problems that will affect their child

121
Q

why is dental care an important aspect of total prenatal care

A

Mothers with healthy mouths protect their unborn child

Untreated tooth and periodontal disease can increase risk of giving birth to preterm, low-birth-weight baby

Bacteria from tooth decay can be passed on to infant

122
Q

Good oral health for a lifetime begins at birth

A

Gums are gently wiped with clean wet cloth following feeding before baby has teeth

To avoid spread of bacteria that causes decay parent should not put anything into baby’s mouth that has been in parent’s mouth including:
Spoons, forks, cups, pacifiers

123
Q

Do not put baby to bed for evening or at naptime with a bottle or sippy cup with milk or juice it can lead to…

A

“baby bottle decay”

124
Q

medical history of baby

A

History of allergies
Birth weight or any problems occurring at birth
Medications taken
Last physical examination

125
Q

Dental History of baby

A 
Primary concern about the child’s dental health
Satisfaction with appearance of teeth 
Bleeding gums with brushing 
Finger, thumb or pacifier habits
Drinking from bottle or sip-cup
Fluoride and toothbrush habits
Inherited family dental characteristics
Primary care giver’s oral health
126
Q

Fluoride Varnish is best to use on young patients.

A

It stays in place when painted on the surfaces of teeth.

It is used for preventing decay and there is less ingestion of fluoride than with other methods of application

127
Q

what are the 2 routes by which the body receives fluoride

A

systemic and topical fluoride

128
Q

dental fluorsis

A

when there is an overexposure to fluoride

129
Q

extrinsic stains

A

stains that appear on the exterior of the tooth and can be removed

130
Q

intrinsic stains

A

stains that cannot be removed, cause by environmental source

131
Q

what is the most common technique used for stain removal

A

rubber cup polishing

132
Q

what is the purpose of the fulcrum

A

provides stability for the operator and should be allowed movement of the wrist and forearm

133
Q

in which direction should the polishing stroke move?

A

forward toward the anterior

134
Q

what damage can result from use of the prophy cup on a high speed

A

can cause frictional heat that can damage the tooth and hurt the gingiva

135
Q

a baby should visit the dentist by the first birthday to receive …

A

prophylaxis and fluoride varnish treatment

136
Q

what is the purpose of dental sealants

A

to prevent dental caries in the pits and fi

137
Q

why are pits and fissures susceptible to caries

A

they are narrow width and uneven depth

138
Q

should sealants be the only preventive measure used?

A

sealants are used in the fluoride program

139
Q

what are the 2 types of polymerization?

A

self cured and light cured

140
Q

what are lear sealants less desirable

A

harder to see during a check up

141
Q

what is the reason for putting fluoride in dental sealant materials?

A

the fluoride creates a layer at the base of the groove to help remineralize incipient enamel caries

142
Q

what is the self life of sealant materials?

A

stored at room temp and 18-36 months

143
Q

what are 2 patient safety precautions

A

do not use on patients with acrylate allergies and avoid exposure to uncured resin

midterm (4 decks)

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