Nutrition/Prevention Flashcards
1
Q
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
A
improve long-term health by reducing the risk of chronic diseases
Heart disease
Osteoporosis
Cancer
2
Q
Six Key Nutrients
A
Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Vitamins Minerals Water
3
Q
Energy Releasing Nutrients
A
Carbohydrates
Fats
Protein
4
Q
What is the primary function of Carbohydrates ?
A
converted into energy and the body uses hem as chief so of energy
5
Q
the study of nutrition is …
A
the science of how the body uses food for development, growth, repair, and maintenance
6
Q
The Healthy People reports…
A
are reports that describe the national goals and objective for improving the health of Americans
7
Q
simple sugars
A
: formed in mouth from refined carbohydrates (sugar, syrup, jelly crackers etc.)
8
Q
complex carbohydrates aka starch
A
found in grains, veggies, and fruits
9
Q
dietary fibers aka roughage
A
food that is not digested and absored into the body
10
Q
Any food that contains sugars or other carbohydrates that can be metabolized by bacteria in plaque is described as being
A
cariogenic
11
Q
cariogenic
A
Producing or promoting dental decay
12
Q
Factors in Determining Cariogenicity
A
how long food stays in the mouth
13
Q
Sugary liquids
A
Leave quickly
Not as cariogenic
14
Q
Sticky foods
A
Raisins, caramels
Adhere to teeth
Stay in mouth longer
15
Q
Frequency with which cariogenic food eaten
A
More important than amount
All day snacking causes more decay
16
Q
What is function of Protein?
A
Provide Structure
Builds muscle and regulate body processes
17
Q
What makes up proteins?
A
20 amino acids
8 considered essential amino acids
18
Q
Essential amino acids must come from food
A
Cannot be produced by the body
19
Q
What is the function of Fats?
A
Provides Energy, Essential fatty acids , transport for fat soluble vitamins , insulation, cushion organs
20
Q
What is Cholesterol?
A
A fat found in saturated fats (from animal sources)
21
Q
High Density
Lipoprotein (HDL)
A
good fats
22
Q
(LDL)
Low-Density
Lipoprotein
A
bad fats
23
Q
What is the primary function of vitamins?
A
Function with enzymes
Needed to release energy from carbs, fats, proteins
24
Q
What is the primary function of Minerals
A
Component of body structure
Part of enzyme and organic molecules
25
What is the function of Water?
Helps build tissue, aids in regulating body temperature, lubricates joints and mucous membranes
26
nutrients
components in food that are needed by the body
27
the only nutrients that can build and repair body tissues are
proteins
28
a well balanced mixture of all 8 essential amino acids can be found in a ?
complete protein
29
forgotten nutrient
water
30
MyPyramid is an outline of what to each each day. The largest portion of the pyramid is?
grains
31
RDA- Recommended Dietary Allowances
the amount of essential nutrients needed on a daily basis to prevent deficiency disease
32
what are nutrients
organic/inorganic chemicals in food that supply energy
33
what is an amino acid
compounds in proteins used by the body to build and repair tissue
34
what is a complete protein
a well balanced mixture of all 8 essential amino acids
35
what systemic diseases are related to excess fat in the diet
High Density
Lipoprotein (GOOD)- polyunsaturated na monounsaturated fats
and
Low Density
Lipoprotein (BAD)- cholesterol and saturated fats
36
which type of vitamin is stored in the body and is not destroyed by cooking?
Fat soluble- A, D, E, K
37
which vitamins are referred to as the B-complex vitamins?
Water soluble- B and C
38
which minerals are required by the body in the largest quantities
sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and phosphorous
39
Dental Caries
Tooth Decay
| An infectious bacterial disease
40
Bacteria in mouth can ...
Metabolize fermentable carbohydrates
| Generate acids as waste products
41
Specific bacteria responsible
Streptococcus mutans
| Lactobacilli
42
Streptococcus mutans
Major pathogenic bacteria in plaque
Pathogenic = disease producing
Not found in newborns
Passed from mother to newborn via saliva
43
Lactobacillis
Indicates high sugar intake
44
Dental Plaque
Consist of colorless, soft sticky coating that adheres to teeth
Major cause of caries and periodontal disease.
Consist chiefly of bacteria and bacterial products.
45
Main bacteria present of dental plaque
Streptococcus mutans.
46
Dental Plaque
Visible plaque consist of millions of colonies of microorganisms
47
Microscopically bacterial colonies are embedded into the
pellicle
48
Pellicle: (acquired pellicle)
is a non-bacterial structure composed of complex sugar proteins
49
Stages of Plaque Formation
Acquired pellicle
Plaque formation
Calculus formation
50
Plaque formation:
bacteria, saliva, leukocytes, epithelial cells and food debris.
51
Calculus formation aka tarter
hard deposits of calcified plaque.
52
Types of Dental Plaque and Calculus
Supra gingival
| Subgingival
53
Supra gingival:
that plaque or calculus which forms above the gingiva.
54
Supra gingival characteristics
Gray to yellowish gray or creamy white.
Develops on tooth surfaces, restorations,appliances, and dentures.
Accumulates on the gingival third of teeth.
Accumulates on molars more than any other teeth.
55
Subgingival plaque or calculus:
that plaque or calculus which forms below the gingiva.
56
Sub gingival characteristics
Area is less accessible to toothbrush or dental floss.
Bacteria are usually anaerobic.
Dark gray to brown in color.
57
Plaque’s Relationship to Food
Bacteria in plaque use nutrients in food, particularly sugary solutions, as an energy source.
Acid is produced each time a cariogenic food is ingested.
58
Review of Enamel Structure
Most highly mineralized tissue of body
Stronger than bone
Consist of hydroxyapatite crystals
Crystals surrounded by water
Allows Water flow
59
hydroxyapatite crystals
Arranged structural layers – rods
Rods known as prisms
60
Water allows flow of
Acids into tooth
| Minerals out of tooth
61
The Caries Process:
| Requires three simultaneous factors
A susceptible tooth
Diet rich in fermentable carbohydrates
Specific bacteria
62
Stages in Caries Development
Can take months to years to develop
Occurs when more minerals are lost than enamel deposited
Dynamic ongoing process
63
Stages of Caries Development
Demineralization
| Remineralization
64
Demineralization
Dissolving of calcium and phosphate from hydroxyapitite crystals
65
Remineralization
Redeposit of calcium and phosphate
66
Process of de- and re-mineralization can occur...
without loss of tooth structure
67
Carbonated apatite
A mineral in enamel
Makes it easier for tooth structure to dissolve
68
Stages of Carious Lesion Development:
| Incipient carious lesion
Caries begins to demineralize enamel
Occurs as a white lesion in enamel
69
Overt (frank) lesion
Characterized by cavitation
Development of hole or cavity
Usually dark in color
Can be various colors
70
Various colors of overt(frank) lesion
Orange
Yellow
Green
Brown/black
71
Stages of Carious Lesion Development:
| Rampant Caries
Multiple areas of cavitation
Frequent or excessive sucrose intake
Following xerostomia
72
xerostomia
Dry mouth
73
Carious Lesions Occurrence
Pit and fissures
Smooth surfaces
Root Surfaces
Secondary (recurrent) caries
74
Secondary (recurrent) caries
Under or surrounding restorations
75
Root Surfaces
Any root surface
| Only happens if you have recession
76
Smooth surfaces
Intact enamel other than p&f
77
Pit and fissures
Occlusal surfaces
Buccal/lingual grooves – posterior teeth
Lingual pits – anterior teeth
78
Diagnosis of Caries
Dental Explorer
Radiographs
Visual Appearance
79
Dental Explorer
Sharp tip pressed into caries and will “stick”
80
Radiographs
Dental x-rays
| Detects interproximal decay
81
Visual Appearance
Dark stained grooves
| Open lesions
82
Indicator Dyes
Applied to inside of preparation
| Color change if decay is present
83
Laser Caries Detector
Reveals bacterial activity under enamel
84
dental decay is...
A communicable bacterial infection
A disease that affects older adults
The most common chronic childhood disease
85
what is not an example of fermentable carbohydrate
proteins and fats
86
which is not true of dental plaque
it is removed by the tongue or by rinsing the mouth with water or mouthwash
87
destruction of the tooth structure is not...
repaired by cooked starch, such as bread, potatoes, rice and pasta
88
recurrent caries
a carious lesion that occurs on the tooth around a restoration
89
what is the first stage a carious lesion
incipient
90
what is the mineral in the enamel that makes the tooth structure easier to dissolve?
carbonated apatite
91
why are exposed root surfaces more susceptible to caries than enamel
bc it has less mineral content and more soluble
92
what 3 protective mechanisms are produced by saliva
Speed up oral clearance
Provides calcium and phosphate for remineralization
Protects hard and soft tissue from drying
93
The goal of a plaque control program is to?
remove plaque at least once per day.
94
how long does it take for plaque to reform
24 hours
95
Disclosing Agents
Plaque is virtually invisible until it accumulates.
Disclosing agents temporarily color plaque to make it visible.
Consist of tablets or solutions.
Chew tablet or paint solution on the teeth.
96
Toothbrushing Methods
```
Selection
Bass Method
Modified Stillman Method
Charters
Fones
```
97
Toothbrushing Methods: Bass
Recommended for routine patients with or without periodontal involvement.
Toothbrush placed at 45 degree angle to long axis of the tooth.
Move gently back and forth with vibratory motion for approx. 20 strokes
Roll brush from gingiva to crown in sweeping motion (Modified Bass)
98
Toothbrushing Methods: Stillman
Recommended to prevent abrasive tissue destruction in areas with progressive gingival recession and root exposure
Soft toothbrush
Bristles rest partially on cervical portion and partially on gingiva angle toward gingiva
Apply pressure against gingiva to produce visible blancing
99
Bridge Threader
to clean under fixed bridge
100
Interproximal Aids
Interproximal brushes
Stimudent
101
Interproximal brushes
Used for periodontal conditions
102
Stimudent
Soft wooden tips
103
Oral Irrigation Devices
Water picks
Supra-gingival irrigation – above gingiva
Sub-gingival irrigation – useful with periodontal patients
Used after periodontal surgery
104
Water picks:
Uses water or therapeutic rinse
Delivers pulsating stream of water or chemical agent
Beneficial with orthodontic appliances
105
Dental Prophylaxis aka prophy
The complete removal of calculus, soft deposits and plaque.
| Requires a dentist or hygienist to remove.
106
Coronal Polishing
Removes plaque and stain from the teeth
Strictly limited to clinical crowns of teeth
In some states assigned to assistants with expanded functions
107
Clinical crown:
that portion of tooth visible in the oral cavity
108
Indications for Coronal Polishing
```
Removal of plaque, stains or both
No calculus is present
Selective polishing
Placement of dental dams
Placement of temporary crowns
Cementation of orthodontic bands/brackets
Application of acid etching solution
Cementation of crowns/bridges
```
109
Selective polishing
Only certain teeth or surfaces are polished
When some but not all surfaces are affected by stain or plaque
110
Contraindications for Coronal Polishing
```
Lack of stain or plaque
Patients at high risk for dental caries
Patients at risk for transient bacterimia who require prophylactic administration of antibiotics
Sensitive teeth
Newly erupted teeth
```
111
which method of toothbrushing is best for cleaning artificial teeth and around orthodontic appliances
charters method
112
perio-aid
an interdental cleaning aid that can be used in hard to reach areas where gingival recession is present
113
the coronal polishing procedure is indicated...
prior to dental dam placement
114
the trophy angle is held in...
pen grasp
115
for coronal polishing, the recommended low speed handpick is...
20,000 rpm
116
Pediatric Standard of Care Changed
Infants now seen in dental office at age one
| Old standard was at age 3
117
Reason for new standard
Early intervention of dental caries
Parental education:
Mothers taught to recognize and prevent dental disease in themselves and their families
Mother taught to lift their children’s lips to look for any stains, white spots or dark areas on teeth
118
what is an early sign of tooth decay
white spots on teeth
119
Early Dental Care
Many women do not seek dental care during pregnancy
Dental care is an important aspect of total prenatal care
120
Why do Many women not seek dental care during pregnancy
they believe they do not have any dental problems that will affect their child
121
why is dental care an important aspect of total prenatal care
Mothers with healthy mouths protect their unborn child
Untreated tooth and periodontal disease can increase risk of giving birth to preterm, low-birth-weight baby
Bacteria from tooth decay can be passed on to infant
122
Good oral health for a lifetime begins at birth
Gums are gently wiped with clean wet cloth following feeding before baby has teeth
To avoid spread of bacteria that causes decay parent should not put anything into baby’s mouth that has been in parent’s mouth including:
Spoons, forks, cups, pacifiers
123
Do not put baby to bed for evening or at naptime with a bottle or sippy cup with milk or juice it can lead to...
“baby bottle decay”
124
medical history of baby
History of allergies
Birth weight or any problems occurring at birth
Medications taken
Last physical examination
125
Dental History of baby
```
Primary concern about the child’s dental health
Satisfaction with appearance of teeth
Bleeding gums with brushing
Finger, thumb or pacifier habits
Drinking from bottle or sip-cup
Fluoride and toothbrush habits
Inherited family dental characteristics
Primary care giver’s oral health
```
126
Fluoride Varnish is best to use on young patients.
It stays in place when painted on the surfaces of teeth.
It is used for preventing decay and there is less ingestion of fluoride than with other methods of application
127
what are the 2 routes by which the body receives fluoride
systemic and topical fluoride
128
dental fluorsis
when there is an overexposure to fluoride
129
extrinsic stains
stains that appear on the exterior of the tooth and can be removed
130
intrinsic stains
stains that cannot be removed, cause by environmental source
131
what is the most common technique used for stain removal
rubber cup polishing
132
what is the purpose of the fulcrum
provides stability for the operator and should be allowed movement of the wrist and forearm
133
in which direction should the polishing stroke move?
forward toward the anterior
134
what damage can result from use of the prophy cup on a high speed
can cause frictional heat that can damage the tooth and hurt the gingiva
135
a baby should visit the dentist by the first birthday to receive ...
prophylaxis and fluoride varnish treatment
136
what is the purpose of dental sealants
to prevent dental caries in the pits and fi
137
why are pits and fissures susceptible to caries
they are narrow width and uneven depth
138
should sealants be the only preventive measure used?
sealants are used in the fluoride program
139
what are the 2 types of polymerization?
self cured and light cured
140
what are lear sealants less desirable
harder to see during a check up
141
what is the reason for putting fluoride in dental sealant materials?
the fluoride creates a layer at the base of the groove to help remineralize incipient enamel caries
142
what is the self life of sealant materials?
stored at room temp and 18-36 months
143
what are 2 patient safety precautions
do not use on patients with acrylate allergies and avoid exposure to uncured resin
