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midterm > Dental Materials > Flashcards

Dental Materials Flashcards

1
Q

Example of Physical stimuli

A

Thermal, electrical

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2
Q

Example of mechanical stimuli

A

Handpiece, traumatic occlusion

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3
Q

example of Chemical stimuli

A

Acid from dental materials

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4
Q

example of Biologic stimuli

A

Bacteria from saliva

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5
Q

dental liner

A

A thin layer of material placed at the deepest portion of the dental preparation to provide pulpal protection or dentinal regeneration

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6
Q

Calcium Hydroxide

A

Protects the pulp from chemical irritation through its sealing ability

Stimulates the production of reparative or tertiary dentin

Is compatible with all types of restorative materials

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7
Q

Calcium Hydroxide is placed

A

over the deepest portion of the pulpal floor, and only on dentin.

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8
Q

Varnish accomplishes

A

Seals dentinal tubules

Reduces microleakage around a restoration

Acts as a barrier to protect the tooth from highly acidic cements such as zinc phosphate

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9
Q

varnish is placed ___ the placement of calcium hydroxide

A

after

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10
Q

application of varnish

A

Applied with a small disposable applicator or with a cotton pellet held in sterile cotton pliers

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11
Q

the use of varnish is contraindicated with these materials

A

Because dental varnish interferes with the bonding and setting reaction of composite resins and glass ionomer restorations

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12
Q

Location for Placement of Cavity Varnish

A

that varnish or sealer is placed over the liner, which is applied first and allowed to set.

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13
Q

Desensitizer

A

Used to treat or prevent hypersensitivity that a patient may experience from a newly placed direct or indirect restoration

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14
Q

Desensitizer uses

A

used under restorations as per the listed indications

may also be used as a temporary and conservative desensitizer in areas that may not be readily or immediately restored

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15
Q

Application of Desensitizer

A

Most desensitizers contain hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and glutaraldehyde

This material is used sparingly

Do not allow the material to contact soft tissue

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16
Q

Bases provide different types of pulpal protection:

A

protective, sedative, insulating

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17
Q

protective

A

Protects the pulp from a large restoration

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18
Q

Insulating:

A

Protects the tooth from thermal shock

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19
Q

Sedative:

A

Soothes pulp that has been damaged by decay or irritated by mechanical means

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20
Q

The varnish, sealer, or both would then be placed____ the final restoration.

A

before

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21
Q

a base would be applied over a liner (if a liner was indicated) or directly on a moderately deep dentinal floor.

A

When a tooth preparation becomes moderately deep to deep, the dentist will place a base under the permanent restoration

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22
Q

Zinc Oxide Eugenol

A

insulating base and as a sedative base

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23
Q

Cannot be used under composite resins, glass ionomers, or other resin restorations

A

Zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE)

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24
Q

Zinc phosphate

A

thermal insulation qualities

Irritating to the pulp, needs to be used with a liner

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25
Q

Can be used with all restorations

A

Zinc phosphate
Polycarboxylate
Glass Ionomer

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26
Q

Glass Ionomer

A

Excellent adhesion

Fluoride releasing

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27
Q

Polycarboxylate

A

Nonirritating to the pulp

Protective

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28
Q

Application of Base

A

The entire pulpal floor is covered with a base to thickness of 1 to 2 mm

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29
Q

According to one placement scheme, it is a liner if the layer is __ than 0.5 mm, and a base if it is____ than 0.5 mm.

A

less and thicker

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30
Q

Location for Placement of a Base

A

over the liner.

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31
Q

The varnish or sealer is placed ____ the base.

A

over

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32
Q

A bonding agent is placed ___ the base (after etching) if composite resin is to be placed.

A

over

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33
Q 
Placement:
-Copalite
-Varnish
-Cement
-
A

calcium hydroxide

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34
Q 
Placement:
-Copalite
-
-Cement
-calcium hydroxide
A

Varnish

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35
Q 
Placement:
-
-Varnish
-Cement
-calcium hydroxide
A

Copalite

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36
Q

Placement:

A
  • Copalite
  • Varnish
  • Cement
  • calcium hydroxide
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37
Q

Acids in Dental Etchant

A

The acid etchant is usually 35% phosphoric acid gel, colored (e.g., blue) to make it easier to see where it has been placed and whether it has been completely washed off.

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38
Q

Application of Dental Etchant (1)

A

The etchant material is supplied either as a liquid or gel, with gel being packaged in a syringe-type applicator

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39
Q

Application of Dental Etchant (2)

A

Syringe dispensing through pre-bent dispenser needles provides precise placement of the material on tooth

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40
Q

Application of Dental Etchant (3)

A

Fifteen to twenty seconds is the most common recommended time (follow manufacturers instructions)

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41
Q

Dental Etchant

A

Bonding agents allow for the removal of less tooth structure before definitive restoration placement because minimal retentive features are needed

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42
Q

smear layer

A

which is a very thin layer of debris composed of fluids and tooth components that remain on dentin after cavity preparation has been completed

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43
Q

The smear layer interferes with the strength of the bond.

A

The smear layer interferes with the strength of the bond.

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44
Q

Preparing the tooth surface properly with the use of acid etchant for removal of the smear layer before bonding exposes more

A

microscopic surface area, and thus micromechanical retention is also achieved.

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45
Q

Dental Bonding

A

The process of solid and/or liquid contact of one material with another at a single margin

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46
Q

Examples of enamel bonding:

A

Sealants
Bonding of orthodontic brackets
Resin‑bonded bridges
Resin-bonded veneers

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47
Q

Bonding applications are available as

A

self-curing, dual-cured, and light-cured systems

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48
Q

Each bonding system is different, and the material from one system

A

is not interchangeable with that of another

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49
Q

The tooth surface receives the etchant material, which removes the

A

smear layer

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50
Q

The bonding component is allowed to flow into these small defects and into the partially opened

A

tubules in dentin

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51
Q

The material is allowed either to:

A

Harden and act as a hybrid layer

Remain in a liquid state while the restoration is being placed, to bond together the tooth and the dental material

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52
Q

If a metal matrix band is used, why is it important that the bond is prepared with cavity varnish or wax before placement around the tooth?

A

It prevents the bonding resin from adhering to the surface

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53
Q

Classification of Dental Cements

A

luting agents,

restorative materials, liners or bases

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54
Q

luting agents

A

which include permanent and temporary cements

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55
Q

Restorative materials,

A

such as IRM and glass ionomers

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56
Q

Liners or bases

A

placed within the cavity preparation

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57
Q

What is a luting agent?

A

is designed to act as an adhesive to hold an indirect restoration to the tooth structure, or to adhere brackets to the tooth surface during orthodontic treatment

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58
Q

What type of restorations can be cemented permanently?

A

indirect

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59
Q

What are some uses of cements?

A

Certain cements are routinely used as a permanent adhesive material when working with indirect restorations; another type would be used to restore a tooth; and still others act as a temporary cement.

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60
Q

Permanent Cements

A

used for the long‑term cementation of cast restorations

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61
Q

The temporary cementation of an indirect restoration may be determined if:

A

The dentist needs to remove the restoration later

The tooth is sensitive or is exhibiting other symptoms that might require removal of the cast restoration

When temporary cementation of provisional coverage is required while the patient waits until the laboratory technician completes the cast restoration

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62
Q

What is provisional coverage?

A

a temporary coverage that is placed on a tooth to protect the tooth until the permanent restoration is ready to be cemented

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63
Q

Variables Affecting Final Cementation

A

Improper mixing technique and time

Humidity

Incorrect temperature of the glass slab

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64
Q

examples of improper mixing technique?

A

Not properly incorporating the powder into the liquid, and mixing for too short or too long a period of time

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65
Q

High humidity can interfere with the setting of ____ ____ ___ cements in particular.

A

zinc oxide-eugenol

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66
Q

Glass ionomer cement releases

A

fluoride.

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67
Q

Composite resin cement is very strong and

A

is used to cement porcelain veneers.

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68
Q

Zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) has what affect

A

It soothes pain.

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69
Q

Polycarboxylate cement is kind to the

A

pulp.

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70
Q

Zinc phosphate cement is the___ ____. It is very strong but the mixing procedure is complicated.

A

oldest cement

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71
Q

Glass Ionomer Cement

A

One of the most versatile types of cement used in dentistry

A hybrid of silicate and polycarboxylate cements

Adheres to enamel, dentin, and metallic materials

72
Q

Supplied in special formulations according to their use:

A 
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
Type V
Type VI
73
Q

Glass Ionomer

Type I

A

For the cementation of metal restorations and direct‑bonded orthodontic brackets

74
Q

Glass Ionomer

Type II

A

Designed for restoring areas of erosion near the gingiva

75
Q

Glass Ionomer

Type III

A

Used as a liner and dentin bonding agent

76
Q

Glass Ionomer

Type IV

A

Used for pit and fissure sealants

77
Q

Glass Ionomer

Type V

A

Used in the cementation of orthodontic bands and brackets

78
Q

Glass Ionomer

Type VI

A

Used as a core build-up

79
Q

Advantages of Glass Ionomer

A 
Slow release of fluoride
Less trauma/shock to pulp
Low solubility
Adheres to slightly moist tooth surface
Very thin film thickness
Can be formulated for use as a dentin substitute or base material
80
Q

Application of Glass Ionomer

A

Available as a self-curing or light-cured formula

Supplied in bottles of powder and liquid, which can be mixed manually on a paper pad or cool, dry glass slab

Also supplied in premeasured capsules which are triturated and expressed through a dispenser.

81
Q

Chemical Makeup of Composite Resin Cement

A

The tooth must be free of all plaque and debris before being etched

82
Q

These composite resin cements have physical properties comparable with those of composite resins, including:

A

Thin film thickness

Virtual insolubility in the mouth

83
Q

Application of Composite Resin Cement

A

Recommended portions of either application are dispensed onto a paper pad and mixed rapidly with a spatula

84
Q

Supplied for Composite Resin Cement

A

As a powder and liquid mix
In a syringe-type applicator as a base and catalyst
In a versatile light-cured/dual-cured system

85
Q

Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement

A

is often used on patients when postoperative sensitivity may be a concern

86
Q

Type I ZOE

A

Lacks strength and long‑term durability and is used for temporary cementation or provisional coverage

87
Q

Type II ZOE

A

Has reinforcing agents added for the permanent cementation of cast restorations or appliances

88
Q

Type I ZOE (paste)

A

Supplied as a two‑paste system as temporary cement

Pastes dispensed in equal lengths on a paper pad and mixed

89
Q

Type II ZOE (liquid/powder)

A

Mixed on an oil‑resistant paper pad
Mixing time of 30 to 60 seconds
Setting time in the mouth of 3 to 5 minutes

90
Q

Chemical Makeup of Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement

A

Liquid: eugenol, water, acetic acid, zinc acetate, and calcium chloride

Powder: zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, and silica

91
Q

ZOE is one of the least irritating of all dental cements

A

The eugenol can have a strong odor, and may be offensive to some patients

92
Q

Application of Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement

A

ZOE is mixed on an oil-resistant paper pad that will not absorb any of the liquid

When a slower set is required, a glass slab can be used

93
Q

Polycarboxylate Cement

A

This cement generally has been used as a permanent cement for cast restorations, stainless steel crowns, and orthodontic bands

94
Q

Polycarboxylate Cement

A

maintains its versatility as a nonirritating base under composite and amalgam restorations and as an intermediate restoration

95
Q

Polycarboxylate is less irritating to tooth pulp than

A

zinc phosphate cement.

96
Q

Chemical Makeup of Polycarboxylate Cement

A

Liquid: polyacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, and water

Powder: zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, and other reinforcing fillers

97
Q

Application of Polycarboxylate Cement

A

Liquid may be measured using the plastic squeeze bottle or the calibrated syringe‑type liquid dispenser supplied by the manufacturer

The liquid has a limited shelf life because it will thicken as the water evaporates.

Mixing is carried out on a nonabsorbent paper pad

If it is necessary to increase the working time, a cool, dry glass slab can be used

98
Q

Zinc Phosphate Cement

A 
Classified as two types
Type I (fine grain) 
Type II (medium grain)
99
Q

Zinc Phosphate Type II (medium grain)

A

Recommended for use as an insulating base for deep cavity preparations

100
Q

Zinc Phosphate Type I (fine grain)

A

Used for the permanent cementation of cast restorations such as crowns, inlays, onlays, and bridges

Creates a very thin film layer, which is necessary for an accurate cementing of castings

101
Q

Phosphoric acid can be

A

irritating to the tooth pulp.

102
Q

Chemical Makeup of Zinc Phosphate Cement

A

Liquid: 50% phosphoric acid in water, buffered with aluminum phosphate and zinc salts to control the pH

Powder: 90% zinc oxide and 10% magnesium oxide

103
Q

Chemical Makeup of Zinc Phosphate Cement

A

A liner, sealer, or desensitizer should be placed first to reduce sensitivity to the phosphoric acid

104
Q

Is zinc phosphate a permanent or temporary cement?

A

Permanent

105
Q

Application of Zinc Phosphate

Powder and liquid should be dispensed just before being mixed.

A

The powder is divided into increments of varying size, with each increment spatulated before the next increment is added

It is critical that the powder be added to the liquid in very small increments

This method dissipates the heat of the chemical action and retards the setting of the cement

106
Q

Classification of Impressions

A

preliminary, final, and occlusal

107
Q

Preliminary Impressions

A

Taken either by the dentist or the expanded-function dental assistant (EFDA)

Used for the following reasons:
Diagnostic models
Custom trays
Provisional coverage
Orthodontic appliances
Pretreatment and post treatment records
108
Q

What is a common impression material for preliminary impressions?

A

(Alginate)

109
Q

What is a common impression material for final impressions?

A

(Polysiloxane)

110
Q

These impressions are used to create a reproduction of the teeth and surrounding tissues.

A

Preliminary Impressions

111
Q

Final Impressions

A

Taken by the dentist and are used to produce the most accurate reproduction of the teeth and surrounding tissue

112
Q

Provides the dentist and the dental laboratory technician the essential information needed for creation of

A

Indirect restorations
Partial or full dentures
Implants

113
Q

Final impressions are never taken by the

A

dental assistant.

114
Q

Bite Registrations

A

Taken by the dentist or EFDA to produce a reproduction of the occlusal relationship of the maxillary and mandibular teeth when the mouth is occluded

Provide an accurate registration of the patient’s centric relationship between the maxillary and mandibular arches

115
Q

Why are bite registrations important in the fabrication of indirect restorations?

A

This provides the dentist and the laboratory technician with an accurate registration of the patient’s centric relationship between the maxillary and mandibular arches

116
Q

Are impressions a positive or negative reproduction?

A

They are a negative reproduction.

The model or cast poured from the impression would form a positive reproduction

117
Q

Impression trays are of two basic types:

A

stock trays and custom trays

118
Q

Stock Trays

A

Manufactured in several ways and available in a range of sizes and styles. They come in disposable and non-disposable (autoclavable)

119
Q

Metal perforated tray used most often for

A

preliminary impressions.

120
Q

Metal water coolant tray used most often with

A

reversible hydrocolloid impressions.

121
Q

Plastic perforated tray used for ____ and ____ ___

A

preliminary and final impressions.

122
Q

Bite tray used for ___ ___ and __ ___

A

final impressions and bite registrations.

123
Q

___ ___ designed to eliminate steps by taking final impressions and bite registration at the same time.

A

Triple tray

124
Q

Selection of Impression Tray

A

Is comfortable to the patient

Extends slightly beyond the facial surfaces of the teeth

125
Q

Selection of Impression Tray

A

Extends approximately 2 to 3 mm beyond the third molar, retromolar, or tuberosity area of the arch

Is sufficiently deep to allow 2 to 3 mm of material between the tray and incisal or occlusal edges of the teeth

126
Q

Characteristics of Impression Trays

A

Quadrant tray
Section tray
Full arch tray

127
Q

Quadrant tray

A

covers half of an arch

128
Q

Section tray

A

Used to cover the anterior portion of the arch

129
Q

Full-arch tray

A

Covers the entire arch

130
Q

Characteristics of Impression Trays

A

Also characterized by whether the surface of the tray is perforated or smooth

131
Q

perforated surface tray

A

the impression material oozes through the holes in the tray, creating a mechanical lock to hold the material in place

132
Q

smooth surface tray

A

there is no mechanical lock, so the interior of the tray is painted or sprayed with an adhesive to hold the impression material securely in the tray

133
Q

Adaptation of Tray

A

Length of the tray can be extended by adding utility wax to the border of the tray

May be necessary if the tray does not completely cover the third molars

For a patient with an unusually high palate, softened utility wax can be added to the palate area of the impression tray

134
Q

Irreversible Hydrocolloid: Alginate

A

Hydrocolloid impression materials that cannot return to the sol state after they become a gel

135
Q

What can alginate impressions be used for?

A

These are widely used for preliminary impressions.

136
Q

The main ingredients of alginate include:

A 
Potassium alginate
Calcium sulfate
Trisodium phosphate
Diatomaceous earth
Zinc oxide
Potassium titanium fluoride
137
Q

Potassium titanium fluoride

A

Added so as not to interfere with the setting and surface strength of the product used when making a model

138
Q

Zinc oxide

A

Adds bulk to the material

139
Q

Diatomaceous earth

A

A filler that adds bulk to the material

derived from the skeletons of tiny sea creatures called diatoms.

also used in aquarium filters.

140
Q

Potassium alginate

A

Derived from seaweed; also used in some ice creams as a thickening agent

141
Q

Calcium sulfate

A

Reacts with the potassium alginate to form the gel

142
Q

Trisodium phosphate

A

Added to slow down the reaction time for mixing

143
Q

In the sol (solution) phase, the material is

A

in a liquid or semiliquid form

144
Q

In the gel (solid) phase, the material is

A

semisolid, similar to a pudding dessert

145
Q

Imbibition

A

If an alginate impression is stored in water or in a soaked paper towel, it will absorb the additional water and expand

146
Q

Syneresis

A

If an alginate impression remains in the open air, moisture will evaporate, causing the impression to shrink and distort

147
Q

How long after the impression is obtained should we proceed to pouring?

A

Most alginate impression materials must be “poured up” within 1 hour of taking the impression, a requirement dic­tated by the environment

148
Q

Why should the newly poured alginate impression not be stored under water?

A

It will imbibe water leading to distortion

149
Q

Types of Setting

Alginate is available in two setting times:

A

Normal set time
Fast set alginate
Working time
Setting time

150
Q

Normal-set alginate

A

Working time of 2 minutes and a setting time of up to 4½ minutes after mixing

151
Q

Fast-set alginate

A

Working time of 1¼ minutes and a setting time of 1 to 2 minutes

152
Q

Working time

A

The time allowed for mixing the alginate, loading the tray, and positioning the tray in the patient’s mouth

153
Q

Setting time

A

The time required for the chemical action to be completed, after which the impression is ready to be removed from the patient’s mouth

154
Q

Which time is longer, working time or setting time?

A

(Setting time is longer than working time.)

155
Q

Altering Setting Time of Alginate

A

Room temperature water is best to use when mixing alginate

Cooler water will increase the setting time if additional time is needed for the procedure

Warmer water will reduce or shorten the setting time of the procedure

156
Q

Water-to-Powder Ratio

A

mandibular impression: 2 scoops of powder/2 measures of water

maxillary impression :
3 scoops of powder and 3 measures of water

157
Q

Taking an Alginate Impression, It is important for the EFDA to be competent in:

A

Mixing the alginate
Loading the tray
Keeping the patient comfortable while taking the impression

158
Q

Explain the Procedure to the Patient ,The patient needs to know that:

A

The material will feel cool, there is no unpleasant taste, and the material will set quickly
Breathing deeply through the nose will help the patient relax and feel more comfortable
The patient can use some type of hand signals to communicate any discomfort

159
Q

Evaluating Alginate Impression :
-The impression tray should be centered
-There is a complete “peripheral roll,” including all of the vestibular areas
-The tray is not “overseated”
-The impression is free from tears or voids
-Sharp anatomic detail of all teeth and soft tissues is provided
-
-The hard palate and tuberosities are recorded in the maxillary impression

A

The retromolar area, lingual frenum, tongue space, and mylohyoid ridge are reproduced in the mandibular impression

160
Q

Evaluating Alginate Impression
-The impression tray should be centered
-
-The tray is not “overseated”
-The impression is free from tears or voids
-Sharp anatomic detail of all teeth and soft tissues is provided
-The retromolar area, lingual frenum, tongue space, and mylohyoid ridge are reproduced in the mandibular impression
-The hard palate and tuberosities are recorded in the maxillary impression

A

There is a complete “peripheral roll,” including all of the vestibular areas

161
Q

Evaluating Alginate Impression
-The impression tray should be centered
-There is a complete “peripheral roll,” including all of the vestibular areas
-The tray is not “overseated”
-The impression is free from tears or voids
-Sharp anatomic detail of all teeth and soft tissues is provided
-The retromolar area, lingual frenum, tongue space, and mylohyoid ridge are reproduced in the mandibular impression
-

A

The hard palate and tuberosities are recorded in the maxillary impression

162
Q

Evaluating Alginate Impression

  • The impression tray should be centered
  • There is a complete “peripheral roll,” including all of the vestibular areas
  • The tray is not “overseated”
  • The impression is free from tears or voids
  • Sharp anatomic detail of all teeth and soft tissues is provided
  • The retromolar area, lingual frenum, tongue space, and mylohyoid ridge are reproduced in the mandibular impression
  • The hard palate and tuberosities are recorded in the maxillary impression
A

Evaluating Alginate Impression

  • The impression tray should be centered
  • There is a complete “peripheral roll,” including all of the vestibular areas
  • The tray is not “overseated”
  • The impression is free from tears or voids
  • Sharp anatomic detail of all teeth and soft tissues is provided
  • The retromolar area, lingual frenum, tongue space, and mylohyoid ridge are reproduced in the mandibular impression
  • The hard palate and tuberosities are recorded in the maxillary impression
163
Q

Reversible Hydrocolloid

A

This impression material changes its physical state from a sol to a gel and then back to a sol

164
Q

Hysteresis

A

is a term used to describe the change in temperature that causes the reversible hydrocolloid material to transform from one physical state to another

165
Q

Reversible Hydrocolloid (Cont.)

A

85% water

13% agar

Agar is an organic substance derived from seaweed

Additional chemical modifiers are added to improve the substance’s handling characteristics

166
Q

Additional equipment is required to obtain an impression

A

. Water-cooled trays and a conditioner unit for the hydrocolloid material are needed.

167
Q

For the reversible hydrocolloid to change from one consistency to another, a specialized

A

conditioning bath is used

168
Q

The following three compartments maintain water at three different temperatures:

A

A “conditioner” bath liquefies the semisolid material at 212° F and is then cooled to 150° F

A “storage” bath readies the material for the impression in its tubes

A “tempering” bath keeps material at 110° F for tempering after it has been placed in the tray

169
Q

Reversible Hydrocolloid Tray Material

A

Tray material is packaged in plastic tubes

Each tube holds enough material to fill a full-arch, water-cooled tray

170
Q

Application of Reversible Hydrocolloid Impression Material

A

A stock water-cooled tray is selected

Plastic stops are placed in the tray

Tubing is connected to the tray and to the water outlet for drainage

The material is liquefied and moved to the storage bath

The light-bodied material is placed in the syringe, and heavy-bodied material is placed in the tray

The light-bodied material is expressed around the prepared tooth, and the dentist seats the tray

171
Q

What tray is selected for reversible hydrocolloids

A

stock water tray

172
Q

Physical Stimuli

A

results from thermal changed such as hot and cold air used for drying a tooth or electrical energy created by other metals that come into contact with the tooth

173
Q

Mechanical Stimuli

A

can include the vibration from a handpick when the tooth is being prepared, also if the person grinds their teeth

174
Q

chemical stimuli

A

a result go acidic material reaching pulpal tissues, such as saliva reaching and exposed people or by the means of micro leakage

175
Q

biologic stimuli

A

can be the result of bacteria from saliva coming into contact with pulpal tissues or if carious tissue was not completely removed during the preparation of the tooth

176
Q

Calcium hydroxide application

A

Liners are supplied either as a two-paste system or as a light-cured material

The material is placed prior to placement of the restorative material and with the use of a Dycal (calcium hydroxide) applicator

Placed only on the deepest dentin surface of the preparation

This material is not to be placed on enamel or in retentive grooves of the preparation

midterm (4 decks)

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