Nutrition part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the GI functions?
A
- ingestion
- digestion
- absorption
- elimination
2
Q
intake of nutrients
A
ingestion
3
Q
breakdown of food particles
A
digestion
4
Q
nutrients moving from GI tract to blood stream
A
absorption
5
Q
getting rid of fecal contents
A
elimination
6
Q
What are the 6 classes of nutrients?
A
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- fats
- vitamins
- minerals
- water
7
Q
What sources are macronutrients?
A
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- fats
8
Q
What sources are micronutrients?
A
- vitamins
- minerals
- water
9
Q
Primary energy source
A
carbohydrates
10
Q
Dietary recommendations: 45%-65%
of total daily calories
A
carbohydrates
11
Q
fruit sugar
A
fructose
12
Q
table sugar
A
sucrose
13
Q
milk sugar
A
lactose
14
Q
malt sugar
A
maltose
15
Q
storage form of energy in plants
A
starches
16
Q
cannot be broken down by digestive enzymes (undigestible), roughage
A
fiber
17
Q
• Decreases risk of heart disease by binding to
cholesterol (eliminated in feces)
• Decreases risk of constipation by increasing
fecal mass and retention of water (bulk)
A
fiber
18
Q
contain calories
A
nutritive sweeteners
19
Q
contain no calories or an insignificant amount of calories
A
nonnutritive sweetener
20
Q
Why do you have to be careful about giving people the nonnutritive sweetener aspartame?
A
these sweeteners contains phenylalanine, an amino acid that some people may not be able to break down
21
Q
- found in nature
- used as a natural sweetener
- poorly absorbed
- may cause gas and diarrhea
A
sugar alcohols (polyols)
22
Q
the building blocks of the human
body and contain amino acids
A
proteins
23
Q
Dietary recommendations: 10%-35% of total
daily calories
A
proteins
24
Q
The type of protein and its function is dependent on?
A
–Number of amino acids
– Sequencing of amino acids
– Shape of the chain formed (straight, folded,
coiled)
25
Obtain through our diet, our bodies do not make it
essential amino acids
26
may want to intake these amino acids
conditionally non-essential amino acids
27
our bodies make these amino acids
non-essential amino acids
28
What are the main functions of proteins?
```
• Growth and Maintenance (Anabolism)
– Muscle, Bone, Collagen, Hair, Nails, Skin
• Hormones and Enzymes
– Hormones (insulin, thyroxin)
– Enzymes (amylase, lipase)
• Immune System Response
– Antibodies
• Transportation of Nutrients & Oxygen
– Assists nutrients in and out of cells
– Hemoglobin, Myoglobin
• Energy (Catabolism)(Gluconeogenesis)
– can break down protein if no other source available
• Blood Clotting
• Fibrinogen
```
29
types and amounts of amino acids in a protein and its ability to be digested
protein quality
30
What are complete proteins?
– Contain all 9 essential amino acids
– All animal sources: Meat, poultry, eggs, fish, dairy,
seafood
– One plant source: soy
31
What are incomplete proteins?
–Are missing one or more essential amino acids
| –Plant sources: legumes, nuts, seeds, grains
32
–Consumption of a variety of incomplete protein
sources, or an incomplete protein with a small
amount of complete protein which combined will
provide all of the essential amino acids
complementary proteins
33
more nitrogen is being used vs. intake
negative nitrogen balance
34
What does negative nitrogen balance lead to?
Malnutrition, Debilitating Illness,
| Trauma/Burns, Massive Blood Loss
35
(nitrogen)consumption higher than excretion
positive nitrogen balance
36
What does positive nitrogen balance lead to?
–Growth, Pregnancy
37
normal, healthy person
zero nitrogen balance
38
Fats are also known as?
lipids
39
Dietary recommendations: 20%-35%
| of total daily calories
fats
40
Only fat you get from food
triglyceride
41
Primary form of fat in foods
– Major storage form of fat in the body
– NOT soluble in water
triglycerides
42
manufactured by the body – not needed through diet
phospholipids and sterols
43
– Mostly Animal sources: egg yolks, meat, poultry,
whole milk cheeses, butter
– Tends to be solid at room temperature
saturated fatty acids
44
– Mostly Plant sources
– Tend to be liquid at room temperature
– Canola and olive oil (monounsaturated)
– Corn and safflower oil (polyunsaturated)
unsaturated fatty acids
45
What are essential fatty acids called?
polyunsaturated fatty acids
46
What are nonessential fatty acids called?
monounsaturated fatty acids
47
What do polyunsaturated fatty acids consists of?
- omega 3 fatty acids
| - omega 6 fatty acids
48
What do monounsaturated fatty acids consist of?
omega 9 fatty acids
49
What are the functions of fats?
* energy source
* insulation
* anti-inflammatory
* cholesterol
* transporter
* taste and fullness
50
What is the good cholesterol called?
high density lipoprotein
51
What is the bad cholesterol called?
low density lipoprotein
52
What is the total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides for desirable blood cholesterol?
* Total Cholesterol- <200 mg/dL
* LDL -<130 mg/dL
* Triglycerides- < 150 mg/dL
53
What is the total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides for borderline high blood cholesterol?
* Total Cholesterol- 200-239 mg/dL
* LDL -130-159 mg/dL
* Triglycerides- 150-199 mg/dL
54
What is the total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides for high blood cholesterol?
* Total Cholesterol- >=240 mg/dL
* LDL ->=160 mg/dL
* Triglycerides- >200 mg/dL
55
Only needed in small amounts
micronutrients
56
Function: involved with cellular regulation
vitamin
57
What are water soluble vitamins?
B vitamins, Vitamin C
58
What are fat soluble vitamins?
Vitamins A,D,E, and K
59
Vitamin deficiency is called ?
hypovitaminosis
60
– Primary Deficiency – decreased dietary intake
• Low consumption
• Unable to meet needs
– Secondary Deficiency – fat malabsorption
• Altered Absorption
hypovitaminosis
61
Vitamin toxicity is called?
hypervitaminosis
62
Easily absorbed and transported in the
body
• Very minimal storage so deficiencies can
develop quickly
water soluble vitamins
63
Functions:
–Co-enzyme involved in energy metabolism
–Needed for nerve conduction
Thiamin-B1
64
```
• Deficiency:
–Fatigue, muscle weakness, numbness and
tingling of the extremities, ataxia (loss of
coordination)
–Beri-Ber ('I can't, I can't)
```
Thiamin-B1
65
```
Functions:
–Co-enzyme in protein metabolism and
other vitamins
• Deficiency:
–Ariboflavinosis (cheilosis, glossitis,
seborrheic dermatitis)
```
Riboflavin-B2
66
```
Functions:
– Co-enzyme for energy metabolism
– Needed for the synthesis of fatty acids and
steroid hormones
– Treatment for hypercholesterolemia
• Deficiency:
– Anorexia, weakness, indigestion
– Pellagra – 4 Ds: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia
and depression
```
Niacin-B3
67
Side Effect when taken for cholesterol
flushing of the skin
68
Functions:
– Coenzyme in the metabolism of amino acids to
produce proteins including serotonin
(neurotransmitter), hemoglobin and antibodies;
needed to convert tryptophan into niacin
• Deficiency:
– Depression, confusion, convulsions, mouth lesions,
dermatitis, weakness, anemia, peripheral
neuropathies
Pyridoxine-B6
69
• Functions:
– Coenzyme involved in the synthesis of amino
acids, DNA and RNA;
– Required for the formation of hemoglobin
– Needed for formation of fetal neural tubes
(prevention of neural tube defects)
• Deficiency: megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects
(spina bifida, anencephaly, encephalocele)
Folate
70
• Functions:
– Metabolism of fatty acids & amino acids
– Involved with DNA and RNA synthesis
– Involved with the development of myelin sheaths
around nerve fibers
– Involved with the formation of red blood cells
* Need Intrinsic Factor to absorb
Cobalamin-B12
71
• Deficiency:
– Pernicious Anemia
– Neurological deficits – decreased cognition,
peripheral neuropathy (tingling and numbness)
Cobalamin-B12
72
Functions: Needed for carbohydrate, fat and
protein metabolism
• Deficiency: Usually does not occur– only in
patients when intravenous feedings have not
supplemented or during pregnancy
Biotin
73
• Functions:
– Metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and
proteins
Pantothenic Acid
74
```
• Functions:
– Antioxidant & co-enzyme
– Needed for many body tissues: teeth, cartilage, collagen,
bones and connective tissue
– Needed to maintain strong vessel walls
– Promotes iron absorption
– Required for synthesis of hormones and neurotransmitters
• Deficiency:
– Gingivitis, bruising, hemorrhages
– Scurvy
```
Vitamin C
75
Carried through the body by lipoproteins
Excess is stored
Greater risk of toxicity from excess intake
Deficiencies take longer to present
fat soluble vitamins
76
Functions:
• Maintain skin and linings (epithelial cells)
• Healthy vision
• Immune function
• Cellular differentiation and reproduction
• Bone growth
Vitamin A
77
What are the 3 vitamin A deficiencies?
* Xerophthalmia –
* Keratomalacia –
* Hyperkeratosis -
78
night blindness, excessive dryness of the eye
Xerophthalmia
79
complete blindness
Keratomalacia
80
proliferation of skin cells
Hyperkeratosis
81
```
• Usually due to excessive intake of
supplements (vitamins)
SYMPTOMS:
• Increased intracranial pressure – headaches
and blurred or double vision
• Nausea and vomiting
• Muscle and Join pain
• Liver damage
• Bone abnormalities
• Hair loss
```
Vitamin A toxicity
82
```
Functions:
• Bone Maintenance
– Increases absorption of calcium and
phosphorous
– Stimulates the formation of bone
– Helps maintain blood calcium levels
```
Vitamin D
83
```
Causes a mobilization of calcium from the bones
resulting in hypercalcemia (abnormally high levels
of calcium in the blood)
Symptoms:
• Weakened bones and bone pain
• Upset stomach, nausea, vomiting and
constipation
• Muscle twitching
• Thirst
• Confusion and/or memory loss
```
Vitamin D toxicity
84
• Functions:
– Antioxidant
• Deficiencies and Toxicities: rare
Vitamin E
85
```
• Functions:
– Protein synthesis
– Blood clotting
– Bone Metabolism
• Deficiency: rare except newborns
• Toxicity: No adverse effects if NOT on anticoagulant
• Coumadin Therapy – Awareness of Foods with
Vitamin ??
```
Vitamin K
86
Pregnant woman need to take which
vitamin to prevent neural tube defects
in the fetus
Folate
87
The widespread use of fortified milk with which vitamin has nearly eliminated rickets in the United States
Vitamin D
88
Chronic alcoholics are usually deficient in which vitamin which is usually added into a bag of IV fluids along with magnesium and folic acid
Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)
89
This vitamin may be prescribed as a cholesterol lowering drug, however the side effect of extreme flushing may require changing to another drug
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
90
Exposure to sunlight can prevent deficiencies of which vitamin
Vitamin D
91
By eating citrus fruits we can meet our requirements for this vitamin which also helps to maintain strong vessel walls, bones, teeth and connective tissues
Vitamin C
92
Everyone should increase intake of dark,
green leafy vegetables to enhance their
intake of this vitamin except those on
Coumadin therapy
Vitamin K
93
Which vitamin is only found in animal
products putting vegans at risk for
deficiencies
Vitamin B12
94
How many essential minerals are there?
16
95
– Required dose of 100 mg or more daily
major mineral
96
– Less than 100 mg is needed daily
trace mineral
97
What are the major minerals?
* Calcium
* Phosphorus
* Magnesium
* Sulfur
* Electrolytes: Na, K, Cl
98
What are the trace minerals?
•Iron, Zinc, Iodine, Fluoride, Selenium,
Copper, Chromium, Manganese,
Molybdenum
99
Fluid balance involves what mineral(s)?
sodium
100
Acid-base balance involves what mineral(s)?
phosphorus
101
Muscle contraction involves what mineral(s)?
calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium
102
Cofactor for enzymes and hormone activity involves what mineral(s)?
Iodine and zinc
103
```
FUNCTIONS:
• Solvent – nutrients, waste products,
transportation of substances
• Lubrication and protection for joints
• Body Temperature – regulate core body
temperature
• Cell Structure – provides shape to cells
• Blood Volume
```
water
104
What is the recommended amount of water intake each day?
Recommended intake is 3.7 L/day for men and 2.7
| L/day for women
105
Level of nutrient intake that is sufficient
to meet the needs of a healthy person
• Amounts given by age & gender, pregnancy &
lactation
Recommended Daily Allowances - RDA
106
– Bachelor of Science degree usually with a
practicum/internship
– Take a licensure test
Dietician
107
–Not regulated – do not need a degree
• Must have an advanced degree (Masters or
PhD)
• Must take and pass a National Certification
Exam
Nutritionist
108
Ms. Smith is trying to balance her food intake with
her food expenditure. According to the following
food label, how many kilocalories will Ms. Smith
consume if she eats one serving:
A. 140 kcal
B. 196 kcal
C. 252 kcal
D. 367 kcal
C
109
Ms. Smith has begun a walking program and
walks for 2 miles at a pace of 4 mph (15 minute
mile). She has heard she will burn
approximately 5.6 kcal/min. How many
kilocalories will she use during her 2 mile walk?
A. 52
B. 85
C. 168
D. 256
C
110
The energy required for the vital functions of
| the body at complete rest
basal metabolic rate
111
What factors affect basal metabolic rate?
* Gender
* Muscle Mass Content
* Thyroid Function
* Age
* Genetics
* Body Temperature
112
```
Definition: A product taken by mouth that contains a
“dietary ingredient” intended to
supplement the diet.
Includes: Vitamins, Minerals and Herbals
Forms: Tablets, Capsules, Softgels,
Gelcaps, Liquids, Powders, Bars
```
dietary supplement
113
Common dietary supplements include:
* Vitamins
* Minerals
* Echinacea
* Omega-3 Fatty Acids / Fish Oil
* Flaxseed Oil
* Ginseng
* Glucosamine
114
– binds to and prevents absorption of fatsoluble
| vitamins
Mineral Oil, Bile Acid Sequestrants (Questran)
115
decrease absorption of calcium, folate, iron and vitamin B12
Antacids
116
decreased absorption of vitamins and minerals
laxatives
117
binds to calcium and iron
Antibiotics (tetracycline/ciprofloxin)
118
increases metabolism of folate, Vitamins D and K
anticonvulsants
119
– that cause dry mouth can also give a sour or metallic taste
Antidepressants
120
can increase appetite
Antihistamines, Some Antidepressants,
| Steroids
121
can suppress appetite
Amphetamines and Ritalin
122
This food and/or drink interferes with ‘first-pass
effect’- increases plasma drug levels for statin
drugs, calcium-channel blockers (for HTN),
amiodarone (antiarrhythmic), immune
suppresants, Viagra, some psychiatric
medications, tegretol
grapefruit juice
123
This food and/or drink interferes with absorption of antibiotics
dairy product
124
This vitamin decreases effectiveness of Warfarin (Coumadin)
Vitamin K (green, leafy vegetables)
125
should be avoided if taking MAO Inhibitors
Tyramine (aged cheeses, red wine, cured meats,
| fermented products)
126
This substance decreased absorption of folate and
| thiamine
Alcohol
127
Avoid with corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs
Echinacea
128
decreases effectiveness of Warfarin and
| calcium-channel blockers
ginger
129
increases risk of bleeding
Ginko biloba
130
decreases effects of Warfarin and
| Digoxin
ginseng
131
• Transmission: contaminated animal foods (beef,
poultry, milk, eggs), contaminated water, contact
with animals (wild animals, exposed pets, farms,
zoos)
• Symptoms: diarrhea (sometimes bloody), fever,
abdominal cramping, vomiting
• Diagnosis: based on symptoms and lab culture of
a stool specimen
• Treatment: rehydration
food-borne illness
132
```
• Hypertonic solution
• Central line needed
• Dextrose concentrations
more than > 10%
– Solutions are 10%-50%
dextrose in water, amino
acids, vitamins, minerals,
& fatty acids
• Extended use
```
TPN parenteral nutrition
133
```
• Isotonic solution
• Peripheral line ok
• Dextrose concentrations
limited to 10% or less
– Solutions are 5-10% dextrose
in water, amino acids,
vitamins, minerals, & fatty
acids
• Short term use
```
PPN parenteral nutrition
