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Exam 4 > Nutrition part 2 > Flashcards

Nutrition part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the GI functions?

A
  • ingestion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • elimination
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2
Q

intake of nutrients

A

ingestion

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3
Q

breakdown of food particles

A

digestion

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4
Q

nutrients moving from GI tract to blood stream

A

absorption

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5
Q

getting rid of fecal contents

A

elimination

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6
Q

What are the 6 classes of nutrients?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • fats
  • vitamins
  • minerals
  • water
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7
Q

What sources are macronutrients?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • fats
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8
Q

What sources are micronutrients?

A
  • vitamins
  • minerals
  • water
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9
Q

Primary energy source

A

carbohydrates

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10
Q

Dietary recommendations: 45%-65%

of total daily calories

A

carbohydrates

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11
Q

fruit sugar

A

fructose

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12
Q

table sugar

A

sucrose

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13
Q

milk sugar

A

lactose

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14
Q

malt sugar

A

maltose

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15
Q

storage form of energy in plants

A

starches

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16
Q

cannot be broken down by digestive enzymes (undigestible), roughage

A

fiber

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17
Q

• Decreases risk of heart disease by binding to
cholesterol (eliminated in feces)
• Decreases risk of constipation by increasing
fecal mass and retention of water (bulk)

A

fiber

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18
Q

contain calories

A

nutritive sweeteners

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19
Q

contain no calories or an insignificant amount of calories

A

nonnutritive sweetener

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20
Q

Why do you have to be careful about giving people the nonnutritive sweetener aspartame?

A

these sweeteners contains phenylalanine, an amino acid that some people may not be able to break down

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21
Q
  • found in nature
  • used as a natural sweetener
  • poorly absorbed
  • may cause gas and diarrhea
A

sugar alcohols (polyols)

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22
Q

the building blocks of the human

body and contain amino acids

A

proteins

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23
Q

Dietary recommendations: 10%-35% of total

daily calories

A

proteins

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24
Q

The type of protein and its function is dependent on?

A

–Number of amino acids
– Sequencing of amino acids
– Shape of the chain formed (straight, folded,
coiled)

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25
Q

Obtain through our diet, our bodies do not make it

A

essential amino acids

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26
Q

may want to intake these amino acids

A

conditionally non-essential amino acids

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27
Q

our bodies make these amino acids

A

non-essential amino acids

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28
Q

What are the main functions of proteins?

A 
• Growth and Maintenance (Anabolism)
– Muscle, Bone, Collagen, Hair, Nails, Skin
• Hormones and Enzymes
– Hormones (insulin, thyroxin)
– Enzymes (amylase, lipase)
• Immune System Response
– Antibodies
• Transportation of Nutrients & Oxygen
– Assists nutrients in and out of cells
– Hemoglobin, Myoglobin
• Energy (Catabolism)(Gluconeogenesis)
– can break down protein if no other source available
• Blood Clotting
• Fibrinogen
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29
Q

types and amounts of amino acids in a protein and its ability to be digested

A

protein quality

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30
Q

What are complete proteins?

A

– Contain all 9 essential amino acids
– All animal sources: Meat, poultry, eggs, fish, dairy,
seafood
– One plant source: soy

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31
Q

What are incomplete proteins?

A

–Are missing one or more essential amino acids

–Plant sources: legumes, nuts, seeds, grains

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32
Q

–Consumption of a variety of incomplete protein
sources, or an incomplete protein with a small
amount of complete protein which combined will
provide all of the essential amino acids

A

complementary proteins

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33
Q

more nitrogen is being used vs. intake

A

negative nitrogen balance

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34
Q

What does negative nitrogen balance lead to?

A

Malnutrition, Debilitating Illness,

Trauma/Burns, Massive Blood Loss

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35
Q

(nitrogen)consumption higher than excretion

A

positive nitrogen balance

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36
Q

What does positive nitrogen balance lead to?

A

–Growth, Pregnancy

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37
Q

normal, healthy person

A

zero nitrogen balance

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38
Q

Fats are also known as?

A

lipids

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39
Q

Dietary recommendations: 20%-35%

of total daily calories

A

fats

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40
Q

Only fat you get from food

A

triglyceride

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41
Q

Primary form of fat in foods
– Major storage form of fat in the body
– NOT soluble in water

A

triglycerides

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42
Q

manufactured by the body – not needed through diet

A

phospholipids and sterols

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43
Q

– Mostly Animal sources: egg yolks, meat, poultry,
whole milk cheeses, butter
– Tends to be solid at room temperature

A

saturated fatty acids

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44
Q

– Mostly Plant sources
– Tend to be liquid at room temperature
– Canola and olive oil (monounsaturated)
– Corn and safflower oil (polyunsaturated)

A

unsaturated fatty acids

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45
Q

What are essential fatty acids called?

A

polyunsaturated fatty acids

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46
Q

What are nonessential fatty acids called?

A

monounsaturated fatty acids

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47
Q

What do polyunsaturated fatty acids consists of?

A
  • omega 3 fatty acids

- omega 6 fatty acids

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48
Q

What do monounsaturated fatty acids consist of?

A

omega 9 fatty acids

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49
Q

What are the functions of fats?

A
  • energy source
  • insulation
  • anti-inflammatory
  • cholesterol
  • transporter
  • taste and fullness
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50
Q

What is the good cholesterol called?

A

high density lipoprotein

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51
Q

What is the bad cholesterol called?

A

low density lipoprotein

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52
Q

What is the total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides for desirable blood cholesterol?

A
  • Total Cholesterol- <200 mg/dL
  • LDL -<130 mg/dL
  • Triglycerides- < 150 mg/dL
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53
Q

What is the total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides for borderline high blood cholesterol?

A
  • Total Cholesterol- 200-239 mg/dL
  • LDL -130-159 mg/dL
  • Triglycerides- 150-199 mg/dL
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54
Q

What is the total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides for high blood cholesterol?

A
  • Total Cholesterol- >=240 mg/dL
  • LDL ->=160 mg/dL
  • Triglycerides- >200 mg/dL
55
Q

Only needed in small amounts

A

micronutrients

56
Q

Function: involved with cellular regulation

A

vitamin

57
Q

What are water soluble vitamins?

A

B vitamins, Vitamin C

58
Q

What are fat soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins A,D,E, and K

59
Q

Vitamin deficiency is called ?

A

hypovitaminosis

60
Q

– Primary Deficiency – decreased dietary intake
• Low consumption
• Unable to meet needs
– Secondary Deficiency – fat malabsorption
• Altered Absorption

A

hypovitaminosis

61
Q

Vitamin toxicity is called?

A

hypervitaminosis

62
Q

Easily absorbed and transported in the
body
• Very minimal storage so deficiencies can
develop quickly

A

water soluble vitamins

63
Q

Functions:
–Co-enzyme involved in energy metabolism
–Needed for nerve conduction

A

Thiamin-B1

64
Q 
• Deficiency:
–Fatigue, muscle weakness, numbness and
tingling of the extremities, ataxia (loss of
coordination)
–Beri-Ber ('I can't, I can't)
A

Thiamin-B1

65
Q 
Functions:
–Co-enzyme in protein metabolism and
other vitamins
• Deficiency:
–Ariboflavinosis (cheilosis, glossitis,
seborrheic dermatitis)
A

Riboflavin-B2

66
Q 
Functions:
– Co-enzyme for energy metabolism
– Needed for the synthesis of fatty acids and
steroid hormones
– Treatment for hypercholesterolemia
• Deficiency:
– Anorexia, weakness, indigestion
– Pellagra – 4 Ds: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia
and depression
A

Niacin-B3

67
Q

Side Effect when taken for  cholesterol

A

flushing of the skin

68
Q

Functions:
– Coenzyme in the metabolism of amino acids to
produce proteins including serotonin
(neurotransmitter), hemoglobin and antibodies;
needed to convert tryptophan into niacin
• Deficiency:
– Depression, confusion, convulsions, mouth lesions,
dermatitis, weakness, anemia, peripheral
neuropathies

A

Pyridoxine-B6

69
Q

• Functions:
– Coenzyme involved in the synthesis of amino
acids, DNA and RNA;
– Required for the formation of hemoglobin
– Needed for formation of fetal neural tubes
(prevention of neural tube defects)
• Deficiency: megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects
(spina bifida, anencephaly, encephalocele)

A

Folate

70
Q

• Functions:
– Metabolism of fatty acids & amino acids
– Involved with DNA and RNA synthesis
– Involved with the development of myelin sheaths
around nerve fibers
– Involved with the formation of red blood cells
* Need Intrinsic Factor to absorb

A

Cobalamin-B12

71
Q

• Deficiency:
– Pernicious Anemia
– Neurological deficits – decreased cognition,
peripheral neuropathy (tingling and numbness)

A

Cobalamin-B12

72
Q

Functions: Needed for carbohydrate, fat and
protein metabolism
• Deficiency: Usually does not occur– only in
patients when intravenous feedings have not
supplemented or during pregnancy

A

Biotin

73
Q

• Functions:
– Metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and
proteins

A

Pantothenic Acid

74
Q 
• Functions:
– Antioxidant &amp; co-enzyme
– Needed for many body tissues: teeth, cartilage, collagen,
bones and connective tissue
– Needed to maintain strong vessel walls
– Promotes iron absorption
– Required for synthesis of hormones and neurotransmitters
• Deficiency:
– Gingivitis, bruising, hemorrhages
– Scurvy
A

Vitamin C

75
Q

Carried through the body by lipoproteins
 Excess is stored
 Greater risk of toxicity from excess intake
 Deficiencies take longer to present

A

fat soluble vitamins

76
Q

Functions:
• Maintain skin and linings (epithelial cells)
• Healthy vision
• Immune function
• Cellular differentiation and reproduction
• Bone growth

A

Vitamin A

77
Q

What are the 3 vitamin A deficiencies?

A
  • Xerophthalmia –
  • Keratomalacia –
  • Hyperkeratosis -
78
Q

night blindness, excessive dryness of the eye

A

Xerophthalmia

79
Q

complete blindness

A

Keratomalacia

80
Q

proliferation of skin cells

A

Hyperkeratosis

81
Q 
• Usually due to excessive intake of
supplements (vitamins)
SYMPTOMS:
• Increased intracranial pressure – headaches
and blurred or double vision
• Nausea and vomiting
• Muscle and Join pain
• Liver damage
• Bone abnormalities
• Hair loss
A

Vitamin A toxicity

82
Q 
Functions:
• Bone Maintenance
– Increases absorption of calcium and
phosphorous
– Stimulates the formation of bone
– Helps maintain blood calcium levels
A

Vitamin D

83
Q 
Causes a mobilization of calcium from the bones
resulting in hypercalcemia (abnormally high levels
of calcium in the blood)
Symptoms:
• Weakened bones and bone pain
• Upset stomach, nausea, vomiting and
constipation
• Muscle twitching
• Thirst
• Confusion and/or memory loss
A

Vitamin D toxicity

84
Q

• Functions:
– Antioxidant
• Deficiencies and Toxicities: rare

A

Vitamin E

85
Q 
• Functions:
– Protein synthesis
– Blood clotting
– Bone Metabolism
• Deficiency: rare except newborns
• Toxicity: No adverse effects if NOT on anticoagulant
• Coumadin Therapy – Awareness of Foods with
Vitamin ??
A

Vitamin K

86
Q

Pregnant woman need to take which
vitamin to prevent neural tube defects
in the fetus

A

Folate

87
Q

The widespread use of fortified milk with which vitamin has nearly eliminated rickets in the United States

A

Vitamin D

88
Q

Chronic alcoholics are usually deficient in which vitamin which is usually added into a bag of IV fluids along with magnesium and folic acid

A

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)

89
Q

This vitamin may be prescribed as a cholesterol lowering drug, however the side effect of extreme flushing may require changing to another drug

A

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

90
Q

Exposure to sunlight can prevent deficiencies of which vitamin

A

Vitamin D

91
Q

By eating citrus fruits we can meet our requirements for this vitamin which also helps to maintain strong vessel walls, bones, teeth and connective tissues

A

Vitamin C

92
Q

Everyone should increase intake of dark,
green leafy vegetables to enhance their
intake of this vitamin except those on
Coumadin therapy

A

Vitamin K

93
Q

Which vitamin is only found in animal
products putting vegans at risk for
deficiencies

A

Vitamin B12

94
Q

How many essential minerals are there?

A

16

95
Q

– Required dose of 100 mg or more daily

A

major mineral

96
Q

– Less than 100 mg is needed daily

A

trace mineral

97
Q

What are the major minerals?

A
  • Calcium
  • Phosphorus
  • Magnesium
  • Sulfur
  • Electrolytes: Na, K, Cl
98
Q

What are the trace minerals?

A

•Iron, Zinc, Iodine, Fluoride, Selenium,
Copper, Chromium, Manganese,
Molybdenum

99
Q

Fluid balance involves what mineral(s)?

A

sodium

100
Q

Acid-base balance involves what mineral(s)?

A

phosphorus

101
Q

Muscle contraction involves what mineral(s)?

A

calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium

102
Q

Cofactor for enzymes and hormone activity involves what mineral(s)?

A

Iodine and zinc

103
Q 
FUNCTIONS:
• Solvent – nutrients, waste products,
transportation of substances
• Lubrication and protection for joints
• Body Temperature – regulate core body
temperature
• Cell Structure – provides shape to cells
• Blood Volume
A

water

104
Q

What is the recommended amount of water intake each day?

A

Recommended intake is 3.7 L/day for men and 2.7

L/day for women

105
Q

Level of nutrient intake that is sufficient
to meet the needs of a healthy person
• Amounts given by age & gender, pregnancy &
lactation

A

Recommended Daily Allowances - RDA

106
Q

– Bachelor of Science degree usually with a
practicum/internship
– Take a licensure test

A

Dietician

107
Q

–Not regulated – do not need a degree
• Must have an advanced degree (Masters or
PhD)
• Must take and pass a National Certification
Exam

A

Nutritionist

108
Q

Ms. Smith is trying to balance her food intake with
her food expenditure. According to the following
food label, how many kilocalories will Ms. Smith
consume if she eats one serving:
A. 140 kcal
B. 196 kcal
C. 252 kcal
D. 367 kcal

A

C

109
Q

Ms. Smith has begun a walking program and
walks for 2 miles at a pace of 4 mph (15 minute
mile). She has heard she will burn
approximately 5.6 kcal/min. How many
kilocalories will she use during her 2 mile walk?
A. 52
B. 85
C. 168
D. 256

A

C

110
Q

The energy required for the vital functions of

the body at complete rest

A

basal metabolic rate

111
Q

What factors affect basal metabolic rate?

A
  • Gender
  • Muscle Mass Content
  • Thyroid Function
  • Age
  • Genetics
  • Body Temperature
112
Q 
Definition: A product taken by mouth that contains a
“dietary ingredient” intended to
supplement the diet.
Includes: Vitamins, Minerals and Herbals
Forms: Tablets, Capsules, Softgels,
Gelcaps, Liquids, Powders, Bars
A

dietary supplement

113
Q

Common dietary supplements include:

A
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
  • Echinacea
  • Omega-3 Fatty Acids / Fish Oil
  • Flaxseed Oil
  • Ginseng
  • Glucosamine
114
Q

– binds to and prevents absorption of fatsoluble

vitamins

A

Mineral Oil, Bile Acid Sequestrants (Questran)

115
Q

decrease absorption of calcium, folate, iron and vitamin B12

A

Antacids

116
Q

decreased absorption of vitamins and minerals

A

laxatives

117
Q

binds to calcium and iron

A

Antibiotics (tetracycline/ciprofloxin)

118
Q

increases metabolism of folate, Vitamins D and K

A

anticonvulsants

119
Q

– that cause dry mouth can also give a sour or metallic taste

A

Antidepressants

120
Q

can increase appetite

A

Antihistamines, Some Antidepressants,

Steroids

121
Q

can suppress appetite

A

Amphetamines and Ritalin

122
Q

This food and/or drink interferes with ‘first-pass
effect’- increases plasma drug levels for statin
drugs, calcium-channel blockers (for HTN),
amiodarone (antiarrhythmic), immune
suppresants, Viagra, some psychiatric
medications, tegretol

A

grapefruit juice

123
Q

This food and/or drink interferes with absorption of antibiotics

A

dairy product

124
Q

This vitamin decreases effectiveness of Warfarin (Coumadin)

A

Vitamin K (green, leafy vegetables)

125
Q

should be avoided if taking MAO Inhibitors

A

Tyramine (aged cheeses, red wine, cured meats,

fermented products)

126
Q

This substance decreased absorption of folate and

thiamine

A

Alcohol

127
Q

Avoid with corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs

A

Echinacea

128
Q

decreases effectiveness of Warfarin and

calcium-channel blockers

A

ginger

129
Q

increases risk of bleeding

A

Ginko biloba

130
Q

decreases effects of Warfarin and

Digoxin

A

ginseng

131
Q

• Transmission: contaminated animal foods (beef,
poultry, milk, eggs), contaminated water, contact
with animals (wild animals, exposed pets, farms,
zoos)
• Symptoms: diarrhea (sometimes bloody), fever,
abdominal cramping, vomiting
• Diagnosis: based on symptoms and lab culture of
a stool specimen
• Treatment: rehydration

A

food-borne illness

132
Q 
• Hypertonic solution
• Central line needed
• Dextrose concentrations
more than > 10%
– Solutions are 10%-50%
dextrose in water, amino
acids, vitamins, minerals,
&amp; fatty acids
• Extended use
A

TPN parenteral nutrition

133
Q 
• Isotonic solution
• Peripheral line ok
• Dextrose concentrations
limited to 10% or less
– Solutions are 5-10% dextrose
in water, amino acids,
vitamins, minerals, &amp; fatty
acids
• Short term use
A

PPN parenteral nutrition

Exam 4 (7 decks)

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