nutrition part 1 Flashcards
what is adequate nutrition essential for
growth and development
what should you consider when assessing the nutritional status of all children
- age
- gender
- exercise level
what are some conditions in which a child may require special intake requirements
- food allergies
- CF
- cerebral palsy
- cancer
- diabetes
describe growth during infancy
- extremely fast growth rate
- birth weight doubled by 4-6 months
- birth weight tripled by 1 year of age
what are the AAP reccomendations for infant feeding
- exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months, continue and therafter until 2 years old or beyond, as mutually desired by mother and child
- infants who are not breastfed or partially breastfed should receive an iron fortified formula from birth to 12 months
- only breastmilk or formula in a bottle unless otherwise directed by HCP
what are some benefits of breastmilk
- enhance brain deveopment
- easily digested
- fosters immune defense provides psychological benefits
- changes as infant does
- colostrum (first milk) stimulates gut to facilitate meconium
should you put a kid to bed with a bottle/prop the bottle
nope
should you give a kid under 6 months water/juice
nope they dont need that shit
what does breastmilk protect against
- otitis media and respiratory infections
- diarrhea
- type 1 and 2 diabetes
- obesity and high blood pressure
- asthma, atopic dermatitis
- childhood leukemia
- SIDS
does breastfeeding just come naturally
nope its a learned skill that takes about 2 weeks to establish
what is milk production based on
supply and demand
how long does it take to digest breast milk
2-3 hours
true or false
AAP views breastfeeding as a public health imperative and as an equity issue
true
can everyone breastfeed?
nope and not everyone can maintain it for as long as desired
how often should the infant breastfeed
- infant fed in demand
- at least 8-12 times in 24 hours
describe formula
- milk based, modified to closely resemble the nutritional content of human milk
- many types of formula: milk based, soy, allergy
- ready to feed (most expensive, no need to add water)
- concentrate (second most expensive)
- powdered
what should all babaies be supplemented with and what does it prevent
vitamin D
prevents rickets
describe bottle feeding
- need to hold baby while bottle feeding
- no sleeping with a bottle, increases risk of otitis media and promotes dental caries
- no cereal in bottle unless ordered, it doesnt help em sleep any betetr and may lead to high BMI
describe the diet of the 6-12month onld
primary source is breast milk or iron fortified formula and everything else should be complementary
no cows milk
what are some concerns about feeding an infant cows milk
- may cause GI bleeding and ulcerations
- interferes with absorption of nutrients
- high solute load that immature kidneys have trouble excreting
describe introduction of complementary foods
- AAP reccommendation is 6 moths bc of the decreasin extrusion reflex
infant can:
- sit well with support, has head and neck control
- begin to appreciate texture
- swallow non liquid foods
- indicate desire for food and when they are full
- chewing movements
describe the extrusion reflex
- tongue thrusting
- helps push food out of mouth to avoid choking
- outgrown when child is ready for solids
name and describe some complementary food considerations
start at 6 months
- single ingredient fruits, veggies, grains, and meats in any order
- start 1 food at a time and give over 2-3 days before adding another food to help pinpoint ay food sensitivities/allergies
find balance between constipating and laxative foods
- constipating: rice cereal, bananas
- laxative: prunes, pears, peaches, and apricots
common allergenic foods exposure beginning around 6 months
- peanuts, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, and eggs
- kids with moderate-severe eczema, have known allergy, or strong fam hx of allergies are considered high risk and pediatrician or allergist should be consulted
no honey before 12 months of age
- high risk of infant botulism due to honey being unpasteurized
describe feeding the infant
- finger foods (when they sit independently and maintain balance, 6-8mo)
- sippy cup
- never force child to eat
- AAP says no juice in bottles and not in easily transportable covered cups that allows them to consume juice easily throughout the day
how can you avoid choking the infant
- avoid popcorn, nuts, whole peanuts, chips, raisins, raw veggies, whole grapes, peanut butter, hot dogs
- supervise eating
what are early chilhood caries
- presence of one or more decayed, lost, or filled tooth surface in primary tooth from birth to six years of age
- happens when toddlers/infants sleep with bottle of juice or milk
- can cause a lot of pain and interfere with eating
- concern for systemic infection in severe cases
describe prevention of child dental caries
- smear or (grain of rice size) of toothpaste when teeth start coming in, continue until age 3 then pea sized amount
- no water to rinse (likely to swallow and spit out)
- spit without rinsing
- fluoride varnish at least Q6 months
- establish a dental home by 12 months
describe toddler nutrition
- high metabolic rate begins to slow
- display physiologic anorexia
- need variety of healthy foods including sliced meats, cheese, and fruits and veggies
- three meals, two snacks
- whole milk up to age 2
how much milk should a toddler consume in one day?
16-24oz
how much milk is too much for a toddler
one quart (32oz)
may lead to obesity
may develop iron deficiency anemia
how much juice is too much for a toddler
4-6oz per day
healthy ways to serve food to toddlers include which of the folowing?
1) establishing a pattern of sitting at the table for meals
2) permitting nutritious snacking in place of meals
3) allowing some simple choices
establishing a pattern of sitting at the table for meals
allowing some simple choices
describe preschooler nutrition
- making more food choice on their own
- enjoy food prep and table setting
