Nutrition Mid-term Flashcards
1
Q
What nutrients are the main sources of energy for your body
A
carbohydrates & fat
2
Q
The dietary standard that has been established that more research is needed to determine human requirements
A
Adequate Intake
3
Q
Saturated fat includes less that % of your total calories
A
7
4
Q
True or False: The term nutrition has no definition or laws regulating it?
A
True
5
Q
Vitamin A D E K is
A
- stored in the body
- fat-soluble
6
Q
Which nutrient does not have kilocalries
A
vitamins and minerals
7
Q
What 2 elements does organic have?
A
carbon and hydrogen
8
Q
Who regulates the food labels on fresh meat and poultry?
A
United States Department of Agriculture
9
Q
Define Chyme
A
a mixture of partially digested food, water and gastric juices
10
Q
Does digestion occur in the esophagus?
A
no
11
Q
This organ stores bile until needed?
A
gallbladder
12
Q
hunger is- mental, emotional, psychological, or physiological,
A
physiological
13
Q
Describe biocarbonate
A
neutralizes acidic chyme coming from the stomach and into the small intestine
14
Q
What is the major site of nutrient absorption in the body?
A
small intestine
15
Q
What is the name of the J-saped organ where gastric juice is secreted?
A
stomach
16
Q
Which are the digestive accessory organs?
A
salivary gland, pancreas, liver
17
Q
Treating Gastroesophageal reflux disease:
A
18
Q
Heartburn
A
a painful sensation in the chest. Gastric juices seeping back up into the esophagus.
19
Q
Hormones
A
chemical messengers secreted in the bloodstream by glands
20
Q
Does dietary fiber get absorbed
A
no
21
Q
Which is the longest portion of the human GI tract
A
small intestine
22
Q
What are rich sources of carbohydrates?
A
fruits, breads, legumes
23
Q
Where does carbohydrate digestion begin
A
in the mouth
24
Q
Which is more common Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes?
A
Type 2
25
Define Glycemic Index
when a given food raises the blood glucose and insulin
26
Which 2 pancreatic hormones are responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels?
glucagon and insulin
27
what is the best artificial sweetner for cooking?
sucralose
28
Where are the major storage site for glycogen
muscles and liver
29
What is a symptom of a diet high in sugar
tooth decay
30
What is the most important function for carbohydrates in the body?
to provide energy for all cells
31
What causes the development of ketosis
a diet that contains **insufficient** carbohydrates
32
Where is insulin sythesized and released?
pancreas
33
Define hydrogenation
the addition of hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids
34
sterols do NOT contain this..
phosphate
35
A triglyceride contains
* 3 fatty acids
* 1 glycerol
36
Alpha Linolenic Acid is derived from
EPA and DHA
37
Very Low Density Lipoproteins
the body's internal transport mechanism for lipids
38
Diets high in Omega 3 Fatty Acids have been shown to increase blood levels of
High Density Lipoproteins
39
Lipoproteins
the substance that carries the most lipids in the blood
40
Where is fat digested primarily
small intestine
41
During fat digestion what does bile from the gallbladder do?
breaks down fats into smaller droplets
42
Where are phospholipids produced?
in our bodies
43
Which health problem is associated with high protein intake?
elevated blood cholesterol
44
# Define Mutual Supplementation
the process of making a complete protein into 2 or more incomplete proteins
45
Define an imcomplete protein
lacks sufficient quantities of the 9 essential amino acids
46
What is a proteins secondary structure?
the twisting spiral shape formed by the sequence and chemical properties of amino acids
47
What is a complete protein
animal proteins
48
Complete proteins are less digestible than incomplete proteins- True or false?
False
49
# Define Marasmus
malnutritiion caused by a **gross** lack of protein
50
# Define an essential amino acid
* cannot be synthesized de novo (from scratch) by the organism being considered, and therefore must be supplied in its diet.
51
Protein recommended dietary allowance is higher for
young, pregnant, athletes. NOT elderly
52
Protein functions to act
as an enzyme and antibody
53
Define protease
enzymes that help break down proteins
54
What happens to protein function during denaturation?
functino is lossed
55
Which part of protein carries nitrogen?
Hemoglobin
56
Which nutritional reference is applied to healthy people?
Dietary Reference Intakes
57
What does AMDR stand for
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
58
What does RDA stand for
Recommended Dietary Allowance. 97-98% of healthy people
59
60
What does EAR stand for
Estimated Average Requirement. Meet the need of *half* healthy people in a category.
61
What does UL stand for?
Tolerable Upper intake Level.
62
What does inorganic contain?
Minerals and water. No carbon or hydrogen
63
What do micronutrients do?
support body functions. Do NOT BREAK DOWN
64
What is a kcal?
Amount of energy needed to raise the temp of 1 kg of water by 1 degree Celsius
65
Primary source of fuel for the brain?
carbs
66
What is the AMDR for Carbs
45-65%
67
What is the AMDR % for Fat
20-35%
68
What is the AMDR % for Protein?
10-35%
69
How much of the major mineral do we need?
\>100 mg
70
How much of the major minerals are already present in the body
\>5 mg
71
What are some of the trace minerals?
Iron, zinc, copper, iodine, fluoride, manganese, chromium, molybdenum and selenium
72
Which federal agency conducts both the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)?
Center for Disease Control
73
What is a double blind study?
PT or investigator is blind to the treatment being received
74
Describe a randomized study
treatment and control group
75
What are the DV % values?
On Nutrition Facts- identifies how much a serving of food contributes to your overall intake of the nutrients listed on the label based on energy of 2,000 calories per day.
* based on a 2000 calorie diet
76
4 Characteristics of a healthful diet
1. energy
2. moderate
3. balanced- right combo
4. varied
77
What five components must be included on food labels?
* Statement of Identity- (Mac N Cheese),
* Net Content (Quantity),
* Ingredient List (descending order by weight),
* Name/Address of manufacturer,
* Nutrition Facts Panel
78
79
What are the 5 food groups of MyPlate
1. Fruits
2. Grains
3. Vegetables
4. Dairy
5. Protein
80
What is healthy amount of sodium intake
1500-2300mg
81
How much cholesterol should one get in a day
\<200 mg
82
Which foods are exempt from food labeling
1. spices
2. coffee
3. meat
83
why there are different numbers of food servings within MyPlate?
* based on age
* gender
* height
* current weight
* activity level
84
# Define Satiation
full, satisfied, saturated
85
What is hunger and satiation triggered by?
Hypothalamus
86
What macronutrient has highest satiety
protein
87
What are triggers that stimulate appetite?
* Environment
* Social and cultural cues
* Special occasions
* Emotions
* Learned
88
Order from smallest to largest
atoms \> molecules \> Cells \> Tissues \> organs \> systems
89
What is different about a phospholipid?
soluble in water
90
What components are found in the cell membrane?
* 2 layers of phospholipids with cholesterol
* various proteins scattered throughout
91
92
# Define absorption?
the physiologic process where molecules of food are taken from the gi tract into the circulation
93
Where does absoprtion take place?
ileum of small intestine
94
This lines cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs.
mucosal membrane
95
This enable the interchange of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, between blood and surrounding tissues.
Capillaries
96
This absorbs fat bound to a carrier in the intestine
Lacteal
97
Liver Function
* affects digestion
* absorption
* blood clotting,
* hormonal functions, makes proteins, and breaks down unwanted substances
98
Lymph Function
* pick up the excess interstitial fluid and proteins and return them to the venous blood.
* absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system and the subsequent transport of these substances to the venous circulation
99
Where does most digestion take place?
mouth, stomach, epiglottis
100
an enzyme secreted into the mouth, stomach, and small intestine
amylase
101
Cause of ulcers
Infection with a type of bacteria called Helicobacter pylori
102
Risks of constipation
* not releasing waist
* hemerroid
* swollen veins
103
What disease can you get if you are Vitamin C deficient?
scurvy- bloody gums
104
What can happen if you OD on Vitmain C
bloody nose, diarrhea, nausea
105
What are risks associated with diarrhea?
Dehydration, not absorbing nutrients, rapid heart rate
106
Simple Carbohydrates contain
* Mono or Disaccharides
* contain 2 or more molecules
107
Complex Carbohydrates
* polysaccharides
* long chains of glucose molecules
108
How do we digest starch?
to glucose
109
What is the RD allowance for carbs
130 grams
110
How much fiber intake for women
25 grams
111
What is hypoglycemia?
low blood sugar
112
Which fuel does your body use most when you are exercising at high intensity
fat
113
What are the problems with ketosis?
Causes the loss of lean body mass and damages many body tissues. People with diabetes are at high risk for ketoacidosis, which can lead to coma or even death.
114
What condition is at high risk for using aspartame?
PKU
115
What is the only animal food that has carbohydrate?
milk
116
a hormone secreted by alpha cells of the pancreas in response to decreased blood levels of glucose,
Glucagon
117
Insulin
the hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas in response to increased blood levels of glucose
118
substances produced during the breakdown of fat when carbs are insufficient to meet energy needs. Provide an alternative energy source for the brain when glucose levels are low.
ketones
119
What remains solid at room temperature
fat
120
What are 3 types of fats
1. triglycerides
2. sterols
3. phospholipids
121
What is hydrogenation, how does it increase shelf life?
The addition of hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fatty acids. Converts liquid fats (oils) into a more solid form. Increases shelf life of product. Used to create margarine from plant oil. Often creates trans fatty acids.
122
3 Functions of Fat in our bodies
1. transport fat soluble vitamins
2. Source of Energy
3. essential to main body functions
123
What are invisible fats?
in baked goods. marbeling in meat, fried food
124
Where are short/medium chain fatty acids digested?
portal vein
125
Where are long chain fatty acids digested?
packed into chylomicrons and enter lymphatic capillaries, and enter at the _subclavian vein_
126
What are problems with a low fat diet?
may be high in sugar or carbohydrates
127
Where is fat stored
adipose tissue or chylomicrons
128
How does fat get out of chylomicrons and into the cell?
lipoprotein lipase
129
Problems associated with olestra?
fat is being passed without being absorbed
130
# Define Chylomicron
a lipoprotein produced in the mucosal cell of the intestine, transports dietary fat out of the intestinal tract.
131
micelle
contain fat soluble vitamins and cholesterol. transport free fatty acids to the mucosal cells of the small intestine for absorption.
132
hich part of an individual amino acid distinguishes it from other amino acids.
the side chains
133
Can non essential amino acids be made by the body
yes
134
What is a peptide bond?
when 2 amino acids join together
135
What are complete protein sources?
* egg whites
* meat poultry
* fish, and
* milk
136
What are deficiency with a vegetarian diet?
* lack vitamin b12,
* iron,
* calcium, and
* zinc
137
What is the primary function of proteins in the body?
*
138
Which type of protein has evolved to work in an acid env't
pepsin
139
What does hydrochloric acid do?
Denatures the protein strands. Converts inactive enzyme pepsinogen into active pepsin.
140
What protein enzyme breaks polypeptides into single amino acids?
141
Can enzymatic digestion occur in the mouth?
142
What is the recommended RDA for protein?
0.8 g per kilogram of body weight
143
Know how to calculate the RDA for protein for various people
144
What is the typical protein intake for most Americans?
15-17%
145
Most protein to least
poultry \> seafood \> pork \> beef \> soy \> beans \> nuts
146
The red blood cells which are normally shaped like a disc take on a sickle or crescent shape. Red blood cells carry oxygen to the body.
sickle cell anemia
147
ticky mucus to build up in the lungs, digestive tract, and other areas of the body. It is a lung disease
cystic fibrosis
148
is a rare condition in which a baby is born without the ability to properly break down an amino acid
pku
149
Which fluid has the highest heat capacity of all fluids
water
150
Hyperkalemia
high potassium. At Risk- Kidney Disease.
151
Hyponatremia
low sodium
152
What is insensible water loss?
not noticeable water loss. Evaporation, Sweat
153
What is the best solvent
154
Which macronutrient is seldom used for energy
protein
155
What role does sodium play
it is an electrolyte
156
Average american eats how much more of the daily amt of sodium
2 to 4 times
157
How much fluid is in lean tissue
70%
158
How much fluid is in fat tissue?
10 - 20%
159
osmosis
an area where solutes are less concentrated to areas where solutes are highly concentrated
160
Higher concentration inside the cell than outside
hypotonic
161
Which gov't organization regulates bottled water?
FDA
162
Which individuals are most vulnerably for dehydration
children and elders
163
is heat stroke a medical emergency?
yes
164
Conditions association with high sodium
* calcium in urine
* high blood pressure
* bone loss
165
What is hypertension?
high blood pressure. no real symptoms
166
Optimal blood pressure values
140 mmHG systolic
90mmHG diastolic
167
Where can oxidative damage occur
reactive oxygen is greater than the body's ability to detoxify the reactive intermediates
168
What is Selenium deficiency called?
Kesha disease. Component of glutathione peroxidase
169
Which Vitamin is essential for sight
Vitamin A
170
Which vitamin is a synthesis for DNA and absorption of iron
vitamin C
171
How can a person get selenium toxicity
* too much supplements
* Brittle hair and nails.
* Skin rashes,
* nausea weakness and liver disease
172
Describe catalase
Catalyzes the production of hydrogen peroxide.
173
Identify minerals in the superoxide dismutase enzyme complex.
* Zinc
* Copper
* Manganese
174
What does the conversion of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide mean?
that superoxide is prevented from exerting oxidative damage to cells and surrounding tissue.
175
Describe how folate reduces heart risk
reduces the homocystein amino acid
