Nutrition Mid-term Flashcards
What nutrients are the main sources of energy for your body
carbohydrates & fat
The dietary standard that has been established that more research is needed to determine human requirements
Adequate Intake
Saturated fat includes less that % of your total calories
7
True or False: The term nutrition has no definition or laws regulating it?
True
Vitamin A D E K is
- stored in the body
- fat-soluble
Which nutrient does not have kilocalries
vitamins and minerals
What 2 elements does organic have?
carbon and hydrogen
Who regulates the food labels on fresh meat and poultry?
United States Department of Agriculture
Define Chyme
a mixture of partially digested food, water and gastric juices
Does digestion occur in the esophagus?
no
This organ stores bile until needed?
gallbladder
hunger is- mental, emotional, psychological, or physiological,
physiological
Describe biocarbonate
neutralizes acidic chyme coming from the stomach and into the small intestine
What is the major site of nutrient absorption in the body?
small intestine
What is the name of the J-saped organ where gastric juice is secreted?
stomach
Which are the digestive accessory organs?
salivary gland, pancreas, liver
Treating Gastroesophageal reflux disease:
Heartburn
a painful sensation in the chest. Gastric juices seeping back up into the esophagus.
Hormones
chemical messengers secreted in the bloodstream by glands
Does dietary fiber get absorbed
no
Which is the longest portion of the human GI tract
small intestine
What are rich sources of carbohydrates?
fruits, breads, legumes
Where does carbohydrate digestion begin
in the mouth
Which is more common Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes?
Type 2
Define Glycemic Index
when a given food raises the blood glucose and insulin
Which 2 pancreatic hormones are responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels?
glucagon and insulin
what is the best artificial sweetner for cooking?
sucralose
Where are the major storage site for glycogen
muscles and liver
What is a symptom of a diet high in sugar
tooth decay
What is the most important function for carbohydrates in the body?
to provide energy for all cells
What causes the development of ketosis
a diet that contains insufficient carbohydrates
Where is insulin sythesized and released?
pancreas
Define hydrogenation
the addition of hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids
sterols do NOT contain this..
phosphate
A triglyceride contains
- 3 fatty acids
- 1 glycerol
Alpha Linolenic Acid is derived from
EPA and DHA
Very Low Density Lipoproteins
the body’s internal transport mechanism for lipids
Diets high in Omega 3 Fatty Acids have been shown to increase blood levels of
High Density Lipoproteins
Lipoproteins
the substance that carries the most lipids in the blood
Where is fat digested primarily
small intestine
During fat digestion what does bile from the gallbladder do?
breaks down fats into smaller droplets
Where are phospholipids produced?
in our bodies
Which health problem is associated with high protein intake?
elevated blood cholesterol
Define Mutual Supplementation
the process of making a complete protein into 2 or more incomplete proteins
Define an imcomplete protein
lacks sufficient quantities of the 9 essential amino acids
What is a proteins secondary structure?
the twisting spiral shape formed by the sequence and chemical properties of amino acids
What is a complete protein
animal proteins
Complete proteins are less digestible than incomplete proteins- True or false?
False
Define Marasmus
malnutritiion caused by a gross lack of protein
Define an essential amino acid
- cannot be synthesized de novo (from scratch) by the organism being considered, and therefore must be supplied in its diet.
Protein recommended dietary allowance is higher for
young, pregnant, athletes. NOT elderly
Protein functions to act
as an enzyme and antibody
Define protease
enzymes that help break down proteins
What happens to protein function during denaturation?
functino is lossed
Which part of protein carries nitrogen?
Hemoglobin
Which nutritional reference is applied to healthy people?
Dietary Reference Intakes
What does AMDR stand for
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
What does RDA stand for
Recommended Dietary Allowance. 97-98% of healthy people
What does EAR stand for
Estimated Average Requirement. Meet the need of half healthy people in a category.
What does UL stand for?
Tolerable Upper intake Level.
What does inorganic contain?
Minerals and water. No carbon or hydrogen
What do micronutrients do?
support body functions. Do NOT BREAK DOWN
What is a kcal?
Amount of energy needed to raise the temp of 1 kg of water by 1 degree Celsius
Primary source of fuel for the brain?
carbs
What is the AMDR for Carbs
45-65%
What is the AMDR % for Fat
20-35%
What is the AMDR % for Protein?
10-35%
How much of the major mineral do we need?
>100 mg
How much of the major minerals are already present in the body
>5 mg
What are some of the trace minerals?
Iron, zinc, copper, iodine, fluoride, manganese, chromium, molybdenum and selenium
Which federal agency conducts both the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)?
Center for Disease Control
What is a double blind study?
PT or investigator is blind to the treatment being received
Describe a randomized study
treatment and control group
What are the DV % values?
On Nutrition Facts- identifies how much a serving of food contributes to your overall intake of the nutrients listed on the label based on energy of 2,000 calories per day.
- based on a 2000 calorie diet
4 Characteristics of a healthful diet
- energy
- moderate
- balanced- right combo
- varied
What five components must be included on food labels?
- Statement of Identity- (Mac N Cheese),
- Net Content (Quantity),
- Ingredient List (descending order by weight),
- Name/Address of manufacturer,
- Nutrition Facts Panel
What are the 5 food groups of MyPlate
- Fruits
- Grains
- Vegetables
- Dairy
- Protein
What is healthy amount of sodium intake
1500-2300mg
How much cholesterol should one get in a day
<200 mg
Which foods are exempt from food labeling
- spices
- coffee
- meat
why there are different numbers of food servings within MyPlate?
- based on age
- gender
- height
- current weight
- activity level
Define Satiation
full, satisfied, saturated
What is hunger and satiation triggered by?
Hypothalamus
What macronutrient has highest satiety
protein
What are triggers that stimulate appetite?
- Environment
- Social and cultural cues
- Special occasions
- Emotions
- Learned
Order from smallest to largest
atoms > molecules > Cells > Tissues > organs > systems
What is different about a phospholipid?
soluble in water
What components are found in the cell membrane?
- 2 layers of phospholipids with cholesterol
- various proteins scattered throughout
Define absorption?
the physiologic process where molecules of food are taken from the gi tract into the circulation
Where does absoprtion take place?
ileum of small intestine
This lines cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs.
mucosal membrane
This enable the interchange of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, between blood and surrounding tissues.
Capillaries
This absorbs fat bound to a carrier in the intestine
Lacteal
Liver Function
- affects digestion
- absorption
- blood clotting,
- hormonal functions, makes proteins, and breaks down unwanted substances
Lymph Function
- pick up the excess interstitial fluid and proteins and return them to the venous blood.
- absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system and the subsequent transport of these substances to the venous circulation
Where does most digestion take place?
mouth, stomach, epiglottis
an enzyme secreted into the mouth, stomach, and small intestine
amylase
Cause of ulcers
Infection with a type of bacteria called Helicobacter pylori
Risks of constipation
- not releasing waist
- hemerroid
- swollen veins
What disease can you get if you are Vitamin C deficient?
scurvy- bloody gums
What can happen if you OD on Vitmain C
bloody nose, diarrhea, nausea
What are risks associated with diarrhea?
Dehydration, not absorbing nutrients, rapid heart rate
Simple Carbohydrates contain
- Mono or Disaccharides
- contain 2 or more molecules
Complex Carbohydrates
- polysaccharides
- long chains of glucose molecules
How do we digest starch?
to glucose
What is the RD allowance for carbs
130 grams
How much fiber intake for women
25 grams
What is hypoglycemia?
low blood sugar
Which fuel does your body use most when you are exercising at high intensity
fat
What are the problems with ketosis?
Causes the loss of lean body mass and damages many body tissues. People with diabetes are at high risk for ketoacidosis, which can lead to coma or even death.
What condition is at high risk for using aspartame?
PKU
What is the only animal food that has carbohydrate?
milk
a hormone secreted by alpha cells of the pancreas in response to decreased blood levels of glucose,
Glucagon
Insulin
the hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas in response to increased blood levels of glucose
substances produced during the breakdown of fat when carbs are insufficient to meet energy needs. Provide an alternative energy source for the brain when glucose levels are low.
ketones
What remains solid at room temperature
fat
What are 3 types of fats
- triglycerides
- sterols
- phospholipids
What is hydrogenation, how does it increase shelf life?
The addition of hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fatty acids. Converts liquid fats (oils) into a more solid form. Increases shelf life of product. Used to create margarine from plant oil. Often creates trans fatty acids.
3 Functions of Fat in our bodies
- transport fat soluble vitamins
- Source of Energy
- essential to main body functions
What are invisible fats?
in baked goods. marbeling in meat, fried food
Where are short/medium chain fatty acids digested?
portal vein
Where are long chain fatty acids digested?
packed into chylomicrons and enter lymphatic capillaries, and enter at the subclavian vein
What are problems with a low fat diet?
may be high in sugar or carbohydrates
Where is fat stored
adipose tissue or chylomicrons
How does fat get out of chylomicrons and into the cell?
lipoprotein lipase
Problems associated with olestra?
fat is being passed without being absorbed
Define Chylomicron
a lipoprotein produced in the mucosal cell of the intestine, transports dietary fat out of the intestinal tract.
micelle
contain fat soluble vitamins and cholesterol. transport free fatty acids to the mucosal cells of the small intestine for absorption.
hich part of an individual amino acid distinguishes it from other amino acids.
the side chains
Can non essential amino acids be made by the body
yes
What is a peptide bond?
when 2 amino acids join together
What are complete protein sources?
- egg whites
- meat poultry
- fish, and
- milk
What are deficiency with a vegetarian diet?
- lack vitamin b12,
- iron,
- calcium, and
- zinc
What is the primary function of proteins in the body?
*
Which type of protein has evolved to work in an acid env’t
pepsin
What does hydrochloric acid do?
Denatures the protein strands. Converts inactive enzyme pepsinogen into active pepsin.
What protein enzyme breaks polypeptides into single amino acids?
Can enzymatic digestion occur in the mouth?
What is the recommended RDA for protein?
0.8 g per kilogram of body weight
Know how to calculate the RDA for protein for various people
What is the typical protein intake for most Americans?
15-17%
Most protein to least
poultry > seafood > pork > beef > soy > beans > nuts
The red blood cells which are normally shaped like a disc take on a sickle or crescent shape. Red blood cells carry oxygen to the body.
sickle cell anemia
ticky mucus to build up in the lungs, digestive tract, and other areas of the body. It is a lung disease
cystic fibrosis
is a rare condition in which a baby is born without the ability to properly break down an amino acid
pku
Which fluid has the highest heat capacity of all fluids
water
Hyperkalemia
high potassium. At Risk- Kidney Disease.
Hyponatremia
low sodium
What is insensible water loss?
not noticeable water loss. Evaporation, Sweat
What is the best solvent
Which macronutrient is seldom used for energy
protein
What role does sodium play
it is an electrolyte
Average american eats how much more of the daily amt of sodium
2 to 4 times
How much fluid is in lean tissue
70%
How much fluid is in fat tissue?
10 - 20%
osmosis
an area where solutes are less concentrated to areas where solutes are highly concentrated
Higher concentration inside the cell than outside
hypotonic
Which gov’t organization regulates bottled water?
FDA
Which individuals are most vulnerably for dehydration
children and elders
is heat stroke a medical emergency?
yes
Conditions association with high sodium
- calcium in urine
- high blood pressure
- bone loss
What is hypertension?
high blood pressure. no real symptoms
Optimal blood pressure values
140 mmHG systolic
90mmHG diastolic
Where can oxidative damage occur
reactive oxygen is greater than the body’s ability to detoxify the reactive intermediates
What is Selenium deficiency called?
Kesha disease. Component of glutathione peroxidase
Which Vitamin is essential for sight
Vitamin A
Which vitamin is a synthesis for DNA and absorption of iron
vitamin C
How can a person get selenium toxicity
- too much supplements
- Brittle hair and nails.
- Skin rashes,
- nausea weakness and liver disease
Describe catalase
Catalyzes the production of hydrogen peroxide.
Identify minerals in the superoxide dismutase enzyme complex.
- Zinc
- Copper
- Manganese
What does the conversion of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide mean?
that superoxide is prevented from exerting oxidative damage to cells and surrounding tissue.
Describe how folate reduces heart risk
reduces the homocystein amino acid
