Nutrition Final Exam Flashcards
Define bone growth
when bone size increases
This is responsible for the breakdown of bone tissues
osteoclasts
Phosphorus deficiencies are commone- True or False?
True
What 2 things are hydroxyapatite crystals comprised of?
- Calcium
- Phosphorus
What type of bone comprises the largest amount of bone in our bodies?
cortical or compact bone
This vitamin produces proteins for blood coagulation and bone health
vitamin K
What does Vitamin K do to enzymes involved in coagulation of blood
it is a coenzyme
What factor impacts the reduction of peak bone density
things like smoking
Individuals with osteoporosis tend to me female- True or False
True
Is tooth decay a symptom of osteoporosis?
No
What is the moste abundant mineral in our body?
calcium
When dietary intake is low, what happens to calcium absorption level?
it increases
Describe sources of calcium from largest to smallest?
smallest is cottage cheese
What is a primary source of fluoride
drinking water from the tap
Which vitamin is necessary for the absorption of calcium?
Vitamin D
Where do humans obtain vitamin D
supplements and sun
How do we measure bone tissue?
DXE
What does a T-score between -1 and 1 on a DEXA signify?
normal bone density
Is it possible to consume too much thiamin?
no
What happens to Riboflavin when it is exposed to light?
it gets destroyed
Which Vitamin is made from the amino acid tryptophan?
Niacin
Name the molecule that combines with an enzyme to activate it and help it do its job is known as a?
coenzyme
Which vitamin is involved in the metabolism of amino acids?
Vitamin b6
What is inadequate intrinsic factor associated with?
pernicious anemia
The component of blood that assits in the formation of blood clots to help stop bleeding is..
platelets
This mineral is part of the superoxide dismutase enzyme system that helps fight damage caused by free radicals
Copper
What is the major dietary source of iodine for many people?
iodized salt
What happens if you are iron deficient?
anemia
What are the fat soluble Vitamins
ADEK
What vitamin is produced in our large intestine from bacteria?
Vtiamin B12
Non heme iron is found in animal AND plant based foods. True or false>
True
Why is folate critical to the health of a newly conceived embryo?
It is needed from proper cell division
What can a deficiency of folate cause?
macrocytic anemia
High concentration of homocystein in the blood are associated with the developent of
heart disease
Which component of blood is essential to immune function
leukocytes
Ellen takes a zinc supplement every dat that has 45 mg of zinc. Because of this Ellen may create a deficiency of ( )
copper
Zinc is vital for the proper development and functioning of which body system
immune system
What factors decrease satiety?
- foods that weight the most satisfy are hunger best
- high in water content increase fullness
- fiber content increases weight
- highest is potatoes
- fruits
How many calories in a week equal 1 pound?
3500
What is NOT an effective method for long term treatment for obesity?
liposuction
Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells that act to decrease food intake- True or False
True
Define the set point theory
our bodies are designed to maintain its weight within a narrow range
Define morbid obesity
a person’s weight exceeds 100% of normal
What type of weight loss will an individual experience by restricting calories but not increasing his or her level of physical activity?
- causes us to lose lean body mass
What is NOT a primary component of a sound weight change plan?
changin of more thatn 2 pounds per week
Skinfold measurements cannot be used with many obese people as their skinfold are too large to be measured by the caliper- True or False?
True
Is underwater weighing practical for determining body composistion in obese individuals?
NO
What percent does the thermic effect of food account for in the energy content of a meal?
5-10%
What is the percent of our total energy outpus attributed to basal metabolism?
60-75%
What factor DOES NOT increase basal metabolic rate
lower height
A man with a waiste measurement of 42 inches is at an increased risk for chronic disease- True or False
True
Name the 3 components of total energy expenditure
- Basal Metabolic Rate
- Physical Activity
- Thermic Effect of Food
When does energy balance occur?
when energy intake = energy expenditure
Define Ghrelin
a gastric protein that stimulates appetite
What percent of obese children will maintain their higher weights as adults?
70%
Is treating obesity with surgery ineffective for all individuals?
NO
Describe purging
- rid the body of unwanted food by
- vomiting
- excessive exercise
- fasting
- laxaive abuse
This macronutrient is the only type that can provide energy both aerobically and anaerobically
carbohydrate
amino acids are the primary fuel source utilized in anaerobic an aerobic exercise- true or false?
FALSE
This type of metabolism supports physical activity that lasts more than 3 minutes?
Aerobic
Can androstenedione and dehyroepiandrosterone raise testosterone concentrations in the body?
YES
What is the optimal days a week to achieve cardiorespiratory fitness?
3-5
Name health risks associated with anorexia nervosa
- deficiency in energy
- reduce nonvital body functions
- electrolyte imbalances
- anemia//immune
- reproductive function
- loss of muscle
- dizziness and fainting
- decreased bone density
Define the FIT principle
good physical fitness program shsould be based on frequency intensity and time
The concept that disordered eating occurs “on a continuum” refers to what?
- different eating behavior occur along a spectrum that cant be divided precisely
- Food is Not an Issue/Body Ownership
Concerned/Body Acceptance Balanced
Preoccupied/Obsessed
Disruptive/Distorted (diet pills laxatives, surgery to change self)
Eating disorder/body disassociation
What is needed for treatment of eating disorders when seeking professional helpt
both medical and psychological
Jan is participating in a 100 mile bike ride. What beverage should she drink?
powerade
Are proteins supplements needed for athletes?
yes
What athlete is at the greatest risk for iron deficiency?
female vegetarian
What does regular physical activity increase?
HDL Cholesterol
Name a factor that can influence the development of eating disorders
family dynamics
Leisure time physical activity
not related to a persons occupation
The longer the fatty acid chain, the more ATP can be generated from breakdown- True or False
True
How long does the amount of ATP sin a muscle cell fuel activty for?
1-3 seconds
What is the best scenario for fat and fueling exercise?
for long durations and low intensities
Which health risk is NOT associated with binge eating
electrolyte imbalance
What type of athlete would benefit from carbohydrate loading
ironman triathlete
Which nutrient if of primary focus when it comes to eating properly to support reg phys activity or exercise training?
carbohydrates
Joan want ot improve her muscular strength. Which type of activity would be the most effective to achieve this goal?
Resistance training
Define the overload principle
improving fitness by placing extra physical demand on the body
Sports that emphasize a readolescent body build for success may place a person at risk fo developing “femal athelete triad”- True or False
TRUE
Define an eating disorder
a psychiatric condition that requires a physician’s diagnosis
What is NOT an effect of regular physical activity
interference of insulin
True or False: It is unwise to rely on thirst as an indicator of when to drink?
True
What percent of the maximal heart rate is needed to maintain physical fitness?
50-85%
Define Amenorrhea
absense of menstrual cycle
Is a low carbohydrate diet good fo an athelete?
NO
Can training enhance the ability to store glycogen?
YES
Can the human body store an unlimited amount of glycogen in the body?
NO
What is the end product of glycolysis?
pyruvic acid
When grocery shopping what do you pick up first- perishables or non perishables?
non perishables
What are the 4 factor that affect the survival and reproduction of food microorganisms
- Temperature
- Humidity
- Oxygen Content
- Acidity
What are the 3 most common forms of bacteria to cause illness in the U.S.
- Campylobacter Jejuni
- Salmonella
- E.Coli
If you eat out at a restaurant how many days can you leave your food refrigerated?
4 days
Define Humectants
chemicals that help moisture stay in foods
What are 5 natural ways the body kills food borne illnesses
- Antimicrobial enzymes in saliva
- hydrochloric acid in the stomach
- vomitting
- diarrhea
- white blood cells
How do you destroy helminth larvae and prevent infection in beef, pork, or fish
thoroughly cooking
Is aseptic packaging environmentally unfriendly process?
no
Which government agency regulates organic farming standards in the united states
USDA
What does GRAS stand for?
Generally Recognized as Safe
What is the temperature range of the danger zone, (i.e. optimal growth for food borne microbes)
40-140 degrees
Which preservative are used to prevent rancidity in oils and fats
bha and bht
What type of environment does clostridium botulinum thrive in?
- alkaline
- fish, low acid veggies
- grows in little or no oxygen
- bulging cans
Yellow dye #6, corn syru[ and calcium added to orange juice are examples of
additives
Give an example of Persistent Organic Pollutant
mercury
Why do fungi rarely cause food infection?
- looks unappealing
- few cause diseases in people with healthy immune systems
Hepatitis A is a food borne virus that can result in
liver damage
What additive give ham hot dogs and bologna their pink color?
nitrates/nitrites
What is the most common waterborne disease in humans
Giardiasis
Can FD&C yellow #5 cause allergic reactions in some people?
yes
Whhich type of bone has a faster turnover rate?
Trabecular bone, 20%
Which type of bone is dense?
Corticol
when does bone growth start?
in the womb
When have our bodies reached peak bone mass?
30 years
Where is calcium, phosphorus, flouride stored?
bones
Where else is calcium stored?
1% in blood and tissues
What nutrients are necessary for calcium absorption?
low fat dairy products green leafy vegetables, bok choy
Why do babies get vitamin K?
Helps with blood clots
what minerals are involved in bone health
phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, vitamin K, calcium
How much calcium can someone consme at one time
500 mg
What are problems with soft drinks
- phosphoric acid.
- increased loss of calcium.
- caffeine increases the loss of calcium
What are characteristics of osteoporosis
- hump,
- shortening height,
- fractures easily.
- Decrease bone density.
a form of mental retardation that occurs in children whose mothers experienced iodine deficiency during pregnancy.
Cretinism
low stomach acid secretion. 10-30% of adults older than 50 years.
atrophic gastritis
larger than normal red blood cells containing insufficient hemoglobin. Can be caused by folate deficiency.
Macrocytic anemia
how is riboflavin destroyed
light
Which nutrients are involved in homocysteine metabolism
folate B6, B12.
What is the purpose of iodine
thyroid function
How can someone develop a goiter
iodine deficiency
Identify the four components of blood
erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes, plasma
Identify where the body stores iron
liver, bone marrow intestinal mucosa and spleen. Hemosiderin.
why maintaining a nutritious diet is important for prospective parents even before conception
- deficiency problems develop early in the pregnancy.
- Inadequate levels of folate result in brain or spinal cord defects.
What is optimal weight gain during 1st trimester?
3-5 lbs
What is optimal weight gain during 2nd and 3rd trimester
1 lb per week or 3500 extra calories per week
Which gland is prolactin released from
anterior pituitary
Why does a pregnant woman need less vitamin b 12
absorption is more efficient
Which Vitamin can cause problems to fetus?
Vitamin D, can cause developmental disability
What also increases during pregancy along with fiber intake?
water
When is a fetus’s iron need the highest?
LAST trimester
At what point in a pregnancy is folate intake most critical for a healthy fetus?
during the first 28 days, an embryonic structure that eventually becomes the brain
What nutrient enhances iron absorption?
vitamin C
What happens if zinc and iron are taken together
zinc is not absorbed
What is hindmilk
- milk secreted during the later part of breastfeeding,
- high in fat and low in protein.
This hormone is released by the pituitary gland and increases contractions
oxytocin
What stimulus is needed for sustained milk production?
- high fluid intake
- high protein
- infant suckling or a breast pump,
- ovulation
increased calorie needs during the second and third trimesters
by 350-450 calories
What food is recommended as the first solid food?
- iron fortified infant cereals
- Rice cereals rarely causes a problem
What is it more common to see in terms of lactose intolerance
lactase enzyme activity decrease after 2 years of age
What are most common allergens for chidren?
- cow’s milk,
- egg whites,
- peanuts,
- wheat
How much of the population loses their ability to digest lactose?
70%
what foods could be choking hazards for infants
grapes hot dogs, popcorn, raw carrots, raisins.
What are the characteristics of gestational diabetes?
frequent urination, fatigue and increase in thirst and appetite
What are the characteristics of preeclampsia?
sudden increase in blood pressure. childbirth is the only cure.
How much caffeine is said to very likely do no harm to the fetus?
300 mg per day/ 2 cups
What 2 hormones suppress milk production during pregnancy?
estrogen and progesterone
Breast Milk vs. Cows Milk
Breast milk has more fat, omega 3 fatty acids for brain development
How much does an infant grow in the first year?
10 inches
calculate the kcal needs of an infant given their body weight.
40-50 kcal per pound
What percent of kcals from fat should an infant consume?
40-50%
What foods should you never feed an infant and why?
- goat’s milk
- cow’s milk
- salt
- sugar
- corn syrup
- honey
what is the cause of colic
when food moves too quickly through digestive or is not completely digested
What does EER stand for
Energy Efficiency Ratio
What increases during menarche
iron demand 15 mg/day
What increases during menopause
calcium needs, iron, and vitamin D. Risk for osteoporosis
Why is fat important for toddlers?
- provides a lot of energy in small doses
- child may be fussy when eating
- supports nervous system
Is a vegan diet appropriate for a toddler?
- should include dairy and eggs.
- Will need zinc and iron supplements.
What is the most common deficiency in young children?
iron deficiency anemia
What nutrients are of particular concern for vegetarian or vegan children?
protein, calcium, zinc, iron
When should a multivitamin and mineral supplement be considered?
- Has failure to thrive,
- Has certain chronic diseases or food allergies,
- Has a restrictive diet, such as a strict vegan diet
What drives growth acceleration in adolescence?
testosterone and estrogen
What micronutrients are of more concern in adolescence?
calcium, vitamind d, vitamin A, iron
What are the characteristics of adolescent eating patterns?
fasting, skipping meals, or smoking more cigarettes to control their weight, and many continued these habits through young adulthood.
Why do iron needs increase in adolescence?
muscle mass growth in boys and to replace the blood lost during menstruation in girls.
stage lasting from the 3rd week to the End of the 8th Week after fertilization
Embryo
Stage lasting from the beginning of the ninth week after conception to birth
fetus
What is a low birth weight?
weight loss of less than 5.5 lbs at birth
What is considered “Pre-Term”
birth of a baby prior to 38 weeks gestation
What is Anencephaly
a fatal neural tube defect- partial absense of brain tissue, failure of the neural tube to close
This is the name for an abnormal craving to eat non-food substances such as- clay, paint, chalk
Pica
This is a swollen vein or group of veins in the region of the anus
hemorrhoids
What does FAS stand for?
Fetal alcohol syndrome. Irriversible birth defects and mental abnormalities.
FAE
Fetal Alcohol Effect
The first fluid made and secreted by the breasts from late in pregnancy to a week after birth. Rich in immune factors and protein
Colostrum
Erosion and decay of the teeth caused by acid secreting bacteria. The acid is a by product of bacterial metabolism of cars deposited on the teeth
Dental Caries
Define Disordered Eating
General term used to describe a variety of atypical eating behaviors that people use to achieve or maintain a lower body weight.
Organs involved in vitamin D synthesis
liver and adipose tissue
What happens if your are phosphorus deficient?
- alcohol abuse
- premature infants
- overuse of antacids that bind with phosphorus
How can osteoporosis lead to premature death
- hip fractures
- hospital acquired infections
- blood clots in the lungs
What is folates function
dna synthesis
What is the function of vitamin B6 x5
- amino acid metabolism
- neurotransmitter synthesi
- carb metabolism
- heme synthesis for hemoglobin
- immune function
What is the function of pantothenic acid
- breakdown and synthesis of fatty acids
- growth for bacteria and yeast
what is the function of manganese
- formation of urea
- building cartilage
- production of hemoglobin
- transport oxygen
Which is more absorbable heme iron or non heme
heme
what are sources of heme iron
meat, fish and poultry
What is the link between folate supplements and vitamin b12 deficiency
masks b12 deficiency
The most common nutrient deficiency world wide
iron deficient
What causes pernicious anemia
lack of vitamin b12
does folate and vitamin b12 help keep homocysteine levels low or high?
low
Describe the thrify gene theory
expending less energy at rest and during phys activity.
bmi range for underweight
less than 18.5
bmi range for overweight
25-30
BMI range for obese
30+
Which gov’t agency regulates medication?
FDA
What does glycolysis yield?
- 2 ATP
- 2Pyruvic acid molecule for each molecule of glucose.
What does RPE stand for
rating of perceived exertion
What are the 3 components of fitness
- Cardio
- Muscoloskeletal
flexibility
Identify FIT for Cardio
- 3-4 days/wk
- 64-90% maximal heart rate
- 20 consecutive min
Identify FIT for muscular fitness
- 2-3 days per week
- 70-85% maximal weight you can life
- 8 exercises
When is creatine phosphat eand important energy source
intense short bouts
Energy source for walking hiking
fat
Define pasteurization
sterilization using high temperature for short periods of time
