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Summer 2014 > Nutrition Final Exam > Flashcards

Nutrition Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Define bone growth

A

when bone size increases

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2
Q

This is responsible for the breakdown of bone tissues

A

osteoclasts

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3
Q

Phosphorus deficiencies are commone- True or False?

A

True

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4
Q

What 2 things are hydroxyapatite crystals comprised of?

A
  1. Calcium
  2. Phosphorus
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5
Q

What type of bone comprises the largest amount of bone in our bodies?

A

cortical or compact bone

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6
Q

This vitamin produces proteins for blood coagulation and bone health

A

vitamin K

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7
Q

What does Vitamin K do to enzymes involved in coagulation of blood

A

it is a coenzyme

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8
Q

What factor impacts the reduction of peak bone density

A

things like smoking

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9
Q

Individuals with osteoporosis tend to me female- True or False

A

True

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10
Q

Is tooth decay a symptom of osteoporosis?

A

No

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11
Q

What is the moste abundant mineral in our body?

A

calcium

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12
Q

When dietary intake is low, what happens to calcium absorption level?

A

it increases

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13
Q

Describe sources of calcium from largest to smallest?

A

smallest is cottage cheese

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14
Q

What is a primary source of fluoride

A

drinking water from the tap

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15
Q

Which vitamin is necessary for the absorption of calcium?

A

Vitamin D

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16
Q

Where do humans obtain vitamin D

A

supplements and sun

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17
Q

How do we measure bone tissue?

A

DXE

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18
Q

What does a T-score between -1 and 1 on a DEXA signify?

A

normal bone density

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19
Q

Is it possible to consume too much thiamin?

A

no

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20
Q

What happens to Riboflavin when it is exposed to light?

A

it gets destroyed

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21
Q

Which Vitamin is made from the amino acid tryptophan?

A

Niacin

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22
Q

Name the molecule that combines with an enzyme to activate it and help it do its job is known as a?

A

coenzyme

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23
Q

Which vitamin is involved in the metabolism of amino acids?

A

Vitamin b6

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24
Q

What is inadequate intrinsic factor associated with?

A

pernicious anemia

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25
Q

The component of blood that assits in the formation of blood clots to help stop bleeding is..

A

platelets

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26
Q

This mineral is part of the superoxide dismutase enzyme system that helps fight damage caused by free radicals

A

Copper

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27
Q

What is the major dietary source of iodine for many people?

A

iodized salt

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28
Q

What happens if you are iron deficient?

A

anemia

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29
Q

What are the fat soluble Vitamins

A

ADEK

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30
Q

What vitamin is produced in our large intestine from bacteria?

A

Vtiamin B12

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31
Q

Non heme iron is found in animal AND plant based foods. True or false>

A

True

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32
Q

Why is folate critical to the health of a newly conceived embryo?

A

It is needed from proper cell division

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33
Q

What can a deficiency of folate cause?

A

macrocytic anemia

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34
Q

High concentration of homocystein in the blood are associated with the developent of

A

heart disease

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35
Q

Which component of blood is essential to immune function

A

leukocytes

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36
Q

Ellen takes a zinc supplement every dat that has 45 mg of zinc. Because of this Ellen may create a deficiency of ( )

A

copper

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37
Q

Zinc is vital for the proper development and functioning of which body system

A

immune system

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38
Q

What factors decrease satiety?

A
  • foods that weight the most satisfy are hunger best
  • high in water content increase fullness
  • fiber content increases weight
  • highest is potatoes
  • fruits
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39
Q

How many calories in a week equal 1 pound?

A

3500

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40
Q

What is NOT an effective method for long term treatment for obesity?

A

liposuction

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41
Q

Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells that act to decrease food intake- True or False

A

True

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42
Q

Define the set point theory

A

our bodies are designed to maintain its weight within a narrow range

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43
Q

Define morbid obesity

A

a person’s weight exceeds 100% of normal

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44
Q

What type of weight loss will an individual experience by restricting calories but not increasing his or her level of physical activity?

A
  • causes us to lose lean body mass
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45
Q

What is NOT a primary component of a sound weight change plan?

A

changin of more thatn 2 pounds per week

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46
Q

Skinfold measurements cannot be used with many obese people as their skinfold are too large to be measured by the caliper- True or False?

A

True

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47
Q

Is underwater weighing practical for determining body composistion in obese individuals?

A

NO

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48
Q

What percent does the thermic effect of food account for in the energy content of a meal?

A

5-10%

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49
Q

What is the percent of our total energy outpus attributed to basal metabolism?

A

60-75%

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50
Q

What factor DOES NOT increase basal metabolic rate

A

lower height

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51
Q

A man with a waiste measurement of 42 inches is at an increased risk for chronic disease- True or False

A

True

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52
Q

Name the 3 components of total energy expenditure

A
  1. Basal Metabolic Rate
  2. Physical Activity
  3. Thermic Effect of Food
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53
Q

When does energy balance occur?

A

when energy intake = energy expenditure

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54
Q

Define Ghrelin

A

a gastric protein that stimulates appetite

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55
Q

What percent of obese children will maintain their higher weights as adults?

A

70%

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56
Q

Is treating obesity with surgery ineffective for all individuals?

A

NO

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57
Q

Describe purging

A
  • rid the body of unwanted food by
    • vomiting
    • excessive exercise
    • fasting
    • laxaive abuse
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58
Q

This macronutrient is the only type that can provide energy both aerobically and anaerobically

A

carbohydrate

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59
Q

amino acids are the primary fuel source utilized in anaerobic an aerobic exercise- true or false?

A

FALSE

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60
Q

This type of metabolism supports physical activity that lasts more than 3 minutes?

A

Aerobic

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61
Q

Can androstenedione and dehyroepiandrosterone raise testosterone concentrations in the body?

A

YES

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62
Q

What is the optimal days a week to achieve cardiorespiratory fitness?

A

3-5

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63
Q

Name health risks associated with anorexia nervosa

A
  • deficiency in energy
  • reduce nonvital body functions
  • electrolyte imbalances
  • anemia//immune
  • reproductive function
  • loss of muscle
  • dizziness and fainting
  • decreased bone density
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64
Q

Define the FIT principle

A

good physical fitness program shsould be based on frequency intensity and time

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65
Q

The concept that disordered eating occurs “on a continuum” refers to what?

A
  • different eating behavior occur along a spectrum that cant be divided precisely
  • Food is Not an Issue/Body Ownership
    Concerned/Body Acceptance Balanced
    Preoccupied/Obsessed
    Disruptive/Distorted (diet pills laxatives, surgery to change self)
    Eating disorder/body disassociation
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66
Q

What is needed for treatment of eating disorders when seeking professional helpt

A

both medical and psychological

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67
Q

Jan is participating in a 100 mile bike ride. What beverage should she drink?

A

powerade

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68
Q

Are proteins supplements needed for athletes?

A

yes

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69
Q

What athlete is at the greatest risk for iron deficiency?

A

female vegetarian

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70
Q

What does regular physical activity increase?

A

HDL Cholesterol

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71
Q

Name a factor that can influence the development of eating disorders

A

family dynamics

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72
Q

Leisure time physical activity

A

not related to a persons occupation

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73
Q

The longer the fatty acid chain, the more ATP can be generated from breakdown- True or False

A

True

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74
Q

How long does the amount of ATP sin a muscle cell fuel activty for?

A

1-3 seconds

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75
Q

What is the best scenario for fat and fueling exercise?

A

for long durations and low intensities

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76
Q

Which health risk is NOT associated with binge eating

A

electrolyte imbalance

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77
Q

What type of athlete would benefit from carbohydrate loading

A

ironman triathlete

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78
Q

Which nutrient if of primary focus when it comes to eating properly to support reg phys activity or exercise training?

A

carbohydrates

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79
Q

Joan want ot improve her muscular strength. Which type of activity would be the most effective to achieve this goal?

A

Resistance training

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80
Q

Define the overload principle

A

improving fitness by placing extra physical demand on the body

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81
Q

Sports that emphasize a readolescent body build for success may place a person at risk fo developing “femal athelete triad”- True or False

A

TRUE

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82
Q

Define an eating disorder

A

a psychiatric condition that requires a physician’s diagnosis

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83
Q

What is NOT an effect of regular physical activity

A

interference of insulin

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84
Q

True or False: It is unwise to rely on thirst as an indicator of when to drink?

A

True

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85
Q

What percent of the maximal heart rate is needed to maintain physical fitness?

A

50-85%

86
Q

Define Amenorrhea

A

absense of menstrual cycle

87
Q

Is a low carbohydrate diet good fo an athelete?

A

NO

88
Q

Can training enhance the ability to store glycogen?

A

YES

89
Q

Can the human body store an unlimited amount of glycogen in the body?

A

NO

90
Q

What is the end product of glycolysis?

A

pyruvic acid

91
Q

When grocery shopping what do you pick up first- perishables or non perishables?

A

non perishables

92
Q

What are the 4 factor that affect the survival and reproduction of food microorganisms

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Humidity
  3. Oxygen Content
  4. Acidity
93
Q

What are the 3 most common forms of bacteria to cause illness in the U.S.

A
  1. Campylobacter Jejuni
  2. Salmonella
  3. E.Coli
94
Q

If you eat out at a restaurant how many days can you leave your food refrigerated?

A

4 days

95
Q

Define Humectants

A

chemicals that help moisture stay in foods

96
Q

What are 5 natural ways the body kills food borne illnesses

A
  1. Antimicrobial enzymes in saliva
  2. hydrochloric acid in the stomach
  3. vomitting
  4. diarrhea
  5. white blood cells
97
Q

How do you destroy helminth larvae and prevent infection in beef, pork, or fish

A

thoroughly cooking

98
Q

Is aseptic packaging environmentally unfriendly process?

A

no

99
Q

Which government agency regulates organic farming standards in the united states

A

USDA

100
Q

What does GRAS stand for?

A

Generally Recognized as Safe

101
Q

What is the temperature range of the danger zone, (i.e. optimal growth for food borne microbes)

A

40-140 degrees

102
Q

Which preservative are used to prevent rancidity in oils and fats

A

bha and bht

103
Q

What type of environment does clostridium botulinum thrive in?

A
  • alkaline
    • fish, low acid veggies
  • grows in little or no oxygen
  • bulging cans
104
Q

Yellow dye #6, corn syru[ and calcium added to orange juice are examples of

A

additives

105
Q

Give an example of Persistent Organic Pollutant

A

mercury

106
Q

Why do fungi rarely cause food infection?

A
  • looks unappealing
  • few cause diseases in people with healthy immune systems
107
Q

Hepatitis A is a food borne virus that can result in

A

liver damage

108
Q

What additive give ham hot dogs and bologna their pink color?

A

nitrates/nitrites

109
Q

What is the most common waterborne disease in humans

A

Giardiasis

110
Q

Can FD&C yellow #5 cause allergic reactions in some people?

A

yes

111
Q

Whhich type of bone has a faster turnover rate?

A

Trabecular bone, 20%

112
Q

Which type of bone is dense?

A

Corticol

113
Q

when does bone growth start?

A

in the womb

114
Q

When have our bodies reached peak bone mass?

A

30 years

115
Q

Where is calcium, phosphorus, flouride stored?

A

bones

116
Q

Where else is calcium stored?

A

1% in blood and tissues

117
Q

What nutrients are necessary for calcium absorption?

A

low fat dairy products green leafy vegetables, bok choy

118
Q

Why do babies get vitamin K?

A

Helps with blood clots

119
Q

what minerals are involved in bone health

A

phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, vitamin K, calcium

120
Q

How much calcium can someone consme at one time

A

500 mg

121
Q

What are problems with soft drinks

A
  • phosphoric acid.
  • increased loss of calcium.
  • caffeine increases the loss of calcium
122
Q

What are characteristics of osteoporosis

A
  • hump,
  • shortening height,
  • fractures easily.
  • Decrease bone density.
123
Q

a form of mental retardation that occurs in children whose mothers experienced iodine deficiency during pregnancy.

A

Cretinism

124
Q

low stomach acid secretion. 10-30% of adults older than 50 years.

A

atrophic gastritis

125
Q

larger than normal red blood cells containing insufficient hemoglobin. Can be caused by folate deficiency.

A

Macrocytic anemia

126
Q

how is riboflavin destroyed

A

light

127
Q

Which nutrients are involved in homocysteine metabolism

A

folate B6, B12.

128
Q

What is the purpose of iodine

A

thyroid function

129
Q

How can someone develop a goiter

A

iodine deficiency

130
Q

Identify the four components of blood

A

erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes, plasma

131
Q

Identify where the body stores iron

A

liver, bone marrow intestinal mucosa and spleen. Hemosiderin.

132
Q

why maintaining a nutritious diet is important for prospective parents even before conception

A
  • deficiency problems develop early in the pregnancy.
  • Inadequate levels of folate result in brain or spinal cord defects.
133
Q

What is optimal weight gain during 1st trimester?

A

3-5 lbs

134
Q

What is optimal weight gain during 2nd and 3rd trimester

A

1 lb per week or 3500 extra calories per week

135
Q

Which gland is prolactin released from

A

anterior pituitary

136
Q

Why does a pregnant woman need less vitamin b 12

A

absorption is more efficient

137
Q

Which Vitamin can cause problems to fetus?

A

Vitamin D, can cause developmental disability

138
Q

What also increases during pregancy along with fiber intake?

A

water

139
Q

When is a fetus’s iron need the highest?

A

LAST trimester

140
Q

At what point in a pregnancy is folate intake most critical for a healthy fetus?

A

during the first 28 days, an embryonic structure that eventually becomes the brain

141
Q

What nutrient enhances iron absorption?

A

vitamin C

142
Q

What happens if zinc and iron are taken together

A

zinc is not absorbed

143
Q

What is hindmilk

A
  • milk secreted during the later part of breastfeeding,
  • high in fat and low in protein.
144
Q

This hormone is released by the pituitary gland and increases contractions

A

oxytocin

145
Q

What stimulus is needed for sustained milk production?

A
  • high fluid intake
  • high protein
  • infant suckling or a breast pump,
  • ovulation
146
Q

increased calorie needs during the second and third trimesters

A

by 350-450 calories

147
Q

What food is recommended as the first solid food?

A
  • iron fortified infant cereals
  • Rice cereals rarely causes a problem
148
Q

What is it more common to see in terms of lactose intolerance

A

lactase enzyme activity decrease after 2 years of age

149
Q

What are most common allergens for chidren?

A
  • cow’s milk,
  • egg whites,
  • peanuts,
  • wheat
150
Q

How much of the population loses their ability to digest lactose?

A

70%

151
Q

what foods could be choking hazards for infants

A

grapes hot dogs, popcorn, raw carrots, raisins.

152
Q

What are the characteristics of gestational diabetes?

A

frequent urination, fatigue and increase in thirst and appetite

153
Q

What are the characteristics of preeclampsia?

A

sudden increase in blood pressure. childbirth is the only cure.

154
Q

How much caffeine is said to very likely do no harm to the fetus?

A

300 mg per day/ 2 cups

155
Q

What 2 hormones suppress milk production during pregnancy?

A

estrogen and progesterone

156
Q

Breast Milk vs. Cows Milk

A

Breast milk has more fat, omega 3 fatty acids for brain development

157
Q

How much does an infant grow in the first year?

A

10 inches

158
Q

calculate the kcal needs of an infant given their body weight.

A

40-50 kcal per pound

159
Q

What percent of kcals from fat should an infant consume?

A

40-50%

160
Q

What foods should you never feed an infant and why?

A
  • goat’s milk
  • cow’s milk
  • salt
  • sugar
  • corn syrup
  • honey
161
Q

what is the cause of colic

A

when food moves too quickly through digestive or is not completely digested

162
Q

What does EER stand for

A

Energy Efficiency Ratio

163
Q

What increases during menarche

A

iron demand 15 mg/day

164
Q

What increases during menopause

A

calcium needs, iron, and vitamin D. Risk for osteoporosis

165
Q

Why is fat important for toddlers?

A
  • provides a lot of energy in small doses
  • child may be fussy when eating
  • supports nervous system
166
Q

Is a vegan diet appropriate for a toddler?

A
  • should include dairy and eggs.
  • Will need zinc and iron supplements.
167
Q

What is the most common deficiency in young children?

A

iron deficiency anemia

168
Q

What nutrients are of particular concern for vegetarian or vegan children?

A

protein, calcium, zinc, iron

169
Q

When should a multivitamin and mineral supplement be considered?

A
  • Has failure to thrive,
  • Has certain chronic diseases or food allergies,
  • Has a restrictive diet, such as a strict vegan diet
170
Q

What drives growth acceleration in adolescence?

A

testosterone and estrogen

171
Q

What micronutrients are of more concern in adolescence?

A

calcium, vitamind d, vitamin A, iron

172
Q

What are the characteristics of adolescent eating patterns?

A

fasting, skipping meals, or smoking more cigarettes to control their weight, and many continued these habits through young adulthood.

173
Q

Why do iron needs increase in adolescence?

A

muscle mass growth in boys and to replace the blood lost during menstruation in girls.

174
Q

stage lasting from the 3rd week to the End of the 8th Week after fertilization

A

Embryo

175
Q

Stage lasting from the beginning of the ninth week after conception to birth

A

fetus

176
Q

What is a low birth weight?

A

weight loss of less than 5.5 lbs at birth

177
Q

What is considered “Pre-Term”

A

birth of a baby prior to 38 weeks gestation

178
Q

What is Anencephaly

A

a fatal neural tube defect- partial absense of brain tissue, failure of the neural tube to close

179
Q

This is the name for an abnormal craving to eat non-food substances such as- clay, paint, chalk

A

Pica

180
Q

This is a swollen vein or group of veins in the region of the anus

A

hemorrhoids

181
Q

What does FAS stand for?

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome. Irriversible birth defects and mental abnormalities.

182
Q

FAE

A

Fetal Alcohol Effect

183
Q

The first fluid made and secreted by the breasts from late in pregnancy to a week after birth. Rich in immune factors and protein

A

Colostrum

184
Q

Erosion and decay of the teeth caused by acid secreting bacteria. The acid is a by product of bacterial metabolism of cars deposited on the teeth

A

Dental Caries

185
Q

Define Disordered Eating

A

General term used to describe a variety of atypical eating behaviors that people use to achieve or maintain a lower body weight.

186
Q

Organs involved in vitamin D synthesis

A

liver and adipose tissue

187
Q

What happens if your are phosphorus deficient?

A
  • alcohol abuse
  • premature infants
  • overuse of antacids that bind with phosphorus
188
Q

How can osteoporosis lead to premature death

A
  • hip fractures
  • hospital acquired infections
  • blood clots in the lungs
189
Q

What is folates function

A

dna synthesis

190
Q

What is the function of vitamin B6 x5

A
  • amino acid metabolism
  • neurotransmitter synthesi
  • carb metabolism
  • heme synthesis for hemoglobin
  • immune function
191
Q

What is the function of pantothenic acid

A
  • breakdown and synthesis of fatty acids
  • growth for bacteria and yeast
192
Q

what is the function of manganese

A
  • formation of urea
  • building cartilage
  • production of hemoglobin
  • transport oxygen
193
Q

Which is more absorbable heme iron or non heme

A

heme

194
Q

what are sources of heme iron

A

meat, fish and poultry

195
Q

What is the link between folate supplements and vitamin b12 deficiency

A

masks b12 deficiency

196
Q

The most common nutrient deficiency world wide

A

iron deficient

197
Q

What causes pernicious anemia

A

lack of vitamin b12

198
Q

does folate and vitamin b12 help keep homocysteine levels low or high?

A

low

199
Q

Describe the thrify gene theory

A

expending less energy at rest and during phys activity.

200
Q

bmi range for underweight

A

less than 18.5

201
Q

bmi range for overweight

A

25-30

202
Q

BMI range for obese

A

30+

203
Q

Which gov’t agency regulates medication?

A

FDA

204
Q

What does glycolysis yield?

A
  • 2 ATP
  • 2Pyruvic acid molecule for each molecule of glucose.
205
Q

What does RPE stand for

A

rating of perceived exertion

206
Q

What are the 3 components of fitness

A
  1. Cardio
  2. Muscoloskeletal

flexibility

207
Q

Identify FIT for Cardio

A
  • 3-4 days/wk
  • 64-90% maximal heart rate
  • 20 consecutive min
208
Q

Identify FIT for muscular fitness

A
  • 2-3 days per week
  • 70-85% maximal weight you can life
  • 8 exercises
209
Q

When is creatine phosphat eand important energy source

A

intense short bouts

210
Q

Energy source for walking hiking

A

fat

211
Q

Define pasteurization

A

sterilization using high temperature for short periods of time

Summer 2014 (6 decks)

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