Nutrition/ Metabolism Flashcards
What aa is essential for urea cycle in cats?
Arginine needed for ammonia to convert to urea
Ammonia & glutamate
NH3 + H+ <—> NH4+
Glutamate + NH4+ <—> glutamine
Ammonia loss/gain in liver, GI tract, skeletal mm, CBR
Liver: net ammonia loss (converted to urea via urea cycle), glutamine synthesis ( uses ammonia)
GI Tract: net ammonia gain (bacteria metabolism of protein and urea to ammonia), glutamine catabolism
Skeletal mm: ammonia sink, buffer by making glutamine; therefore when mm wasted, lose the ability to act as a buffer for ammonia
CBR: ammonia loss or gain (glutamine synthesis by astrocytes, glutamine catabolism)
Kidney: ammonia loss or gain (glutamine synthesis, throw our urea, glutamine catabolism)
Ammonia and hepatic encephalopathy signs
Ammonia + glutamate <—> glutamine
Glutamine crosses over to presynaptic terminal, breaks down to glutamate —> diffuse to post-synaptic terminal and will initiate cause excitation then depression
What electrolyte derangements can worsen HE?
HypoNa
HypoK
Which can worsen HE? Alkalosis vs acidosis?
Alkalosis
Which protein source is beneficial for patients with HE?
Non-meat based protein (soy-based diet good, egg white, low fat cottage cheese)
Also OK to feed i/d diet
Essential FAs
Dog: Linolenic, linoleic acid
Cats: Above + arachidonic acid
Cat and Vitamin A
Unable to turn beta carotene into Vit A, need Vit A in diet (essential)
Cat and thiamine
Cats need more thiamine than dogs.
Cat and niacin
Cats cannot convert tryptophan into niacin, therefore, required in diet
Cats and taurine deficiency
Have lower enzyme to make taurine —> become easily deficient
Deficiency’s causes retinal degeneration, DCM, reproductive failure
Taurine is used in cats (rather than glycine) for bile acid conjugation.
Deficiency in Vit A
Night blindness
Growth of epithelial cells (skin, skeletal growth, reproductive, keratinization of cornea)
Cat and glucokinase
Relatively deficient in glucokinase (convert glucose to G6P)
Therefore, decrease ability to use CHO for energy
What are the essential aa for cats?
Arginine - for urea cycle
Taurine - DCM if deficient
Important aa for SI vs LI
SI: glutamine
LI: butyrate
Refeeding syndrome
HypoK
HypoP
HypoMg
Glucose intolerance
Thiamine (B1) deficient
Examples of omega 3 and omega 6 FA.
Omega 3: DHA, EPA, ALA (alpha-linolenic acid)
Omega 6: LA (linoleic acid), AA (arachidonic acid)
Most common dietary FA
Most common fatty acids- stearic, oleic, palmitic,
Lipolysis
TG —> glycerol + FA
- Glycerol —> pyruvate —> glucose
- Beta oxidation of FA —> acetyl coA —> used in TCA cycle
Ketone bodies
B-hydroxybutyrate, acetone, acetoacetate
Cat nutrition peculiarities
AA: Need taurine, arginine
Vit: Need Vit A, D, B3 (niacin)
FA: Cats also need more thiamine (B1)
Vit B - match numbers and name
B1: Thimine
B2: Riboflavin
B3: Niacin
B5: Panthotenic acid
B6: Pyridoxine
B9: Folic acid
B12: Cobalamin
TRaiNing PuP FoC
What is the ornithine cycle?
Toxic ammonia undergo ornithine cycle to create urea (excreted through kidneys)
