Nutrition - Large Animal

Question 1

foregut fermenters that we study

Answer 1

cows, sheep, goats

Question 2

hindgut fermenters that we study

Answer 2

horses, rabbits, pigs

Question 3

stems (grasses) provide

Answer 3

fiber

Question 4

leaves and seeds (legumes) provide

Answer 4

energy and protein

Question 5

there is ______ nutrient content with increased maturity

Answer 5

decreased

Question 6

when is 1st, 2nd and 3rd cut

Answer 6

1st June (mixed), 2nd July (more nutrients because mostly legume), 3rd August (similar to 2nd)

Question 7

when should plants be baled

Answer 7

only when dry and 10-12% moisture

Question 8

what are two consequences of large bales

Answer 8

moisture in the center
- can mold and cause heaves
- can ferment -> heat -> fire

Question 9

what is silage

Answer 9

hay storage at a higher moisture content, such that it ferments

Question 10

what is the moisture content of silage

Answer 10

50%

Question 11

haylage vs baleage

Answer 11

baleage: full length, wrapped in plastic
haylage: chopped, stored in silo

Question 12

what is the content of grains and why are they fed

Answer 12

mostly starch (extra energy and protein); fed as a supplement based on the extra needs of the animal

Question 13

dry grain is % moisture whereas high moisture grain is %

Answer 13

10-12; 40

Question 14

what is straw typically used for

Answer 14

bedding

Question 15

corn silage is typically fed to

Answer 15

ruminants

Question 16

ruminant systems: component fed (what is it, when is it done)

Answer 16

forage always available; grain and supplements given separately 2-4x per day; common in tie-stalls

Question 17

ruminant systems: TMR (what is it, when is it done)

Answer 17

all feed mixed together and fed free choice; forage fed as silage; common in free stall

Question 18

what order should roughages and grains be given

Answer 18

roughages before grains: stimulate saliva production to buffer rumen

Question 19

what is DMI of cows/horses

Answer 19

2% of body weight (BWx0.02)

Question 20

what is DMI of cows with increased production demands/growth

Answer 20

3-4% (also requires supplements)

Question 21

what is adjusted DMI for cows/horses

Answer 21

DMI(100-12) OR (BWx0.02)(100-12)

Question 22

how to adjust for flakes

Answer 22

(Adjusted DMI/ wt of bale)(# flakes)

Question 23

Calculating L of water per day for ruminants

Answer 23

40/650 x BW

Question 24

Ruminants producing milk require

Answer 24

3L per L produced (on average, an extra 90L)

Question 25

Calculating L of water per day for horses

Answer 25

30/450 x BW

Question 26

What is the best way to feed horses

Answer 26

small square bales; can soak for max 10 min

Question 27

it is uncommon to feed horses what

Answer 27

silage

Question 28

hay is best fed (on/off) ground

Answer 28

on

Question 29

minerals are generally delivered

Answer 29

as pellets or in blocks

Question 30

what is a concern with sawdust bedding for horses

Answer 30

black walnut contamination

Question 31

what types of bedding must be wet/moistened

Answer 31

sawdust pellets and peat moss

Question 32

body condition scoring in sheep

Answer 32

must palpate; score out of 5

Question 33

body condition scoring in ruminants

Answer 33

thurl (V vs U), short rib, pin/hook bones, sacral ligament, tail head ligament; score out of 5

Question 34

body condition scoring in horses

Answer 34

score out of 5 or 9; neck crest, transition into shoulder, withers, ribs, point of hip, dorsal crease, fat around tail head