Nutrition (Human)

Question 1

Balanced diet

Answer 1

Have carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins, dietary fibres and water

Question 2

Factors influencing balanced diet

Answer 2

Activity
Weight/mass/size
Temperature/climate
Health
Age
Pregnancy
Biological sex

Question 3

Carbohydrates (function & deficiency)

Answer 3

Energy, respiration/tooth decay

Question 4

Protein (function & deficiency)

Answer 4

Mass, growth, repair/kwashiorkor

Question 5

Lipids (function & too much)

Answer 5

Energy, insulation/obesity

Question 6

Vitamin A (function & deficiency)

Answer 6

Vision, protects the surface of the eye/night blindness

Question 7

Vitamin C (function & deficiency)

Answer 7

antioxidant/scurvy

Question 8

Vitamin D (function & deficiency)

Answer 8

Helps bones absorb calcium/rickets

Question 9

Calcium (function & deficiency)

Answer 9

Making teeth & bones/rickets

Question 10

Iron (function & deficiency)

Answer 10

Helps carry oxygen, red blood cells/anaemia

Question 11

Fibre (function & deficiency)

Answer 11

Gives muscles for the gut to push against something/diseases of intestine

Question 12

Water (function)

Answer 12

Blood plasma and cytoplasm

Question 13

Order of digestion

Answer 13

mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, ileum, colon, rectum, anus

Question 14

What is the use of salivary glands?

Answer 14

Amylase (starch -> maltose/glucose)
Chew food
Increase surface area
Soften/lubricate the food

Question 15

What is the use of oesophagus?

Answer 15

Peristalsis = muscular contraction that breaks down food

Question 16

What is the use of stomach?

Answer 16

It churns the food
HCL kills the pathogens
Pepsin -> protein (pH 2 or 3)

Question 17

What is the use of liver?

Answer 17

Makes bile
Neutralises chyme
Emulsifies lipids = increase surface area

Question 18

What is the use of the gall bladder?

Answer 18

Stores bile

Question 19

What is the use of duodenum?

Answer 19

Bile meets food
Meets enzymes

Question 20

What is the use of pancreas?

Answer 20

Makes amylase, trypsin (protein), lipase = to the duodenum

Question 21

What is the use/adaptations of small intestine (ileum)

Answer 21

Absorption
Villi
Large surface area (microvilli) (long and folded)
Good blood supply
High concentration gradient
One cell thick
Lacteal = lipids

Question 22

What is the use of large intestine (colon)

Answer 22

Absorbs water, vitamins and minerals

Question 23

What is the use of anus?

Answer 23

Waste comes out

Question 24

Enzymes in digestion (made, used, substrate, product)

Answer 24

Amylase = salivary glands & pancreas, mouth & duodenum, starch, maltose (glucose)
Trypsin = pancreas, duodenum, protein, amino acids
Pepsin = wall of stomach, stomach, protein, amino acids
Maltase = wall of duodenum, duodenum, maltose, glucose
Peptides = wall of duodenum, duodenum, protein, amino acids
Lipase = pancreas, duodenum, lipids, 3 fatty acids + glycerol

Question 25

Digestion (definition)

Answer 25

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food from large insoluble molecules to small soluble ones

Question 26

Definition of peristalsis

Answer 26

a muscular contraction that moves food through the digestive tract

Question 27

What does bile do?

Answer 27

neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats

Question 28

What does HCl do?

Answer 28

kills pathogens

Question 29

Energy in food experiment (Calorimeter)

Answer 29

• put food on a mounting needle
• set the food on fire
• hold the food under a boiling tube with water (20cm3) and a thermometer

Question 30

Energy in food calculation

Answer 30

(end temp - start temp) x mass of water x 4.2 / mass in food

Question 31

Energy in food experiment (Bomb Calorimeter)

Answer 31

• 3 jars, empty/air (outside), water (middle), empty jar (with food)

Question 32

Energy in food theory (Bomb Calorimeter)

Answer 32

• more accurate
• less chance of heat loss
• air is a good insulator of heat
• stirrer helps distribute heat
• lid helps prevent heat from the top escape