Nutrition Final Flashcards
Animals lose from their bodies by:
- Urination
- Respiration
- Defecation
A Nutrient
- is anything the animal consumes and gets energy from
- is any chemical element or compound in the diet that is required for normal reproduction, growth, lactation, or maintenance of life processes
T or F: a “balanced diet” means a diet that has the correct nutrients, in the proper amounts, that an animal needs to be healthy.
True
Energy is utilized by the animal’s body for:
- Locomotion
- Thermoregulation
- Biochemical reactions
Regarding protein
- Quality is measured based on digestibility and availability of amino acids
- requirements increase in growing, lactating, and healing animals
T or F: Monosaccharides, such as glucose and galactose, have a general formula of C6H12O6
True
Mixture of feedstuffs used to supply nutrients to an animal
Diet
The qualitative and quantitative requirements of the diet necessary to maintain proper health
Nutrition
Any edible material that provides nutrients for animals
Feed
Any material made into or used as food
Foodstuff
The allowance/amount of diet for one/each day
Ration
Water
- Is a nutrient
- can come from food
- can come from metabolism in the body
A good zoo nutrition program
- includes a record keeping system
- is scientifically based
- includes keepers who care
Dehydration symptoms in an animal include
- loss of skin elasticity
- loss of appetite
- reduced energy
T or F: carbohydrates are the most abundant nutrient in plants, while animal tissues have only trace amounts
True
Regarding Energy:
- GE refers to Gross Energy
- ME refers to Metabolizable Energy
Lipids include:
- Cholesterol
- Vegetable oils
T or F: Water is required by animals in larger amounts than any other nutrient
True
Carbohydrates
- are stored in the body as glycogen and fat
- may require specific digestive enzymes to break them down to be absorbed in the digestive tract
The “art of feeding” includes:
- presenting the food in a way that it stays clean
- presenting the food in a way that only the proper species gets it in a mixed species exhibit
- preparing the diet in a way that the animal can eat it
T or F: the basic equation of metabolism in the body is C6H12O6 + 6 O2 <-> 6 H2O + 6 CO2
True
Methionine
Amino Acid
Fructose
Carbohydrate
Linoleic acid
Fatty acid
Taurine
Amino acid
Organic molecule
All of the above
- carbohydrate
- amino acid
- fatty acid
Polysaccharide
Carbohydrate
Contains Nitrogen
Amino acid
Cellulose
Carbohydrate
Tryptophan
Amino acid
Linolenic acid
Fatty acid
Regarding body water:
- most of the body water is found in the cells
- body water is found in the extracellular space
The function of lipids in food include
- making sex hormones
- they are necessary for cell membrane structure
T or F: 1 calorie is the energy it takes to raise 1 g of water 1 degree Celsius
True
Basal metabolism
- is the condition in which a minimal amount of energy is expended to sustain the body
- the requirement is referred to as the basal metabolic rate (BMR)
- requires most of the total maintenance energy expenditure
Regarding glucose
It is the preferred source of energy by the cells
T or F: “as fed” means to remove all the water from a food item
False
In regards to the hormones that control blood sugar levels
- insulin is released when blood sugar levels rise
- glucagon is released when blood sugar levels drop
- diabetes Mel lotus type 1 is insulin dependent
Regarding lipid metabolism
- most lipids are absorbed into the lymphatic system
- lipids are broken down by bile acids and pancreatic lipase
Ruminants
- can turn carbohydrates into volatile fatty acids which are used as an energy source
- have a microbe population in their rumen that can breakdown cellulose
T or F: of all the three nutrient categories that provide energy, protein is the most preferred by the body to be used as energy
False
Regarding fatty acids
Triglycerides are made up of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol
Regarding calories
- 1 kilocalorie = 1 Calorie = 1 Kcal
- Kcal is the abbreviation for kilocalories
The following is/are true:
- lipids are carried in the blood as lipoproteins
- linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid, meaning the body can’t make it so it needs to be provided in the diet
- fat is stored in adipocytes in the body tissues
- all of the above
Regarding Amino Acids
- amino acids are used to build enzymes and hormones
- essential amino acids are required in the diet
Water serves the following basic functions for terrestrial animals:
- temperature regulation
- metabolism
T or F: Ketones are a continuous product of lipid metabolism and can be used as an energy source by the body
True
Regarding protein metabolism
-Degradation breaks down protein into amino acids
- synthesis builds proteins with amino acids
- ammonia is a waste product that must be turned into urea to excrete
When providing energy to an animal on a per gram basis, the highest amount of energy is provided by
Fat
Regarding biological value (BV)
- protein sources can be evaluated on this basis
- it measures the % nitrogen absorbed that can be utilized by the body
T or F: even though ruminants can survive without consuming essential amino acids, cats can develop dilated cardiomyopathy from taurine deficiency
True
Regarding vitamin c
- it is also called ascorbic acid
- deficiency can lead to a syndrome called scurvy
Which of the following is not a treatment for an ingested toxic substance?
Give the animal some food to help absorb the toxin
The following vitamins are water soluble
- vitamin c
- biotin
- thiamin
- folic acid
Which of the following statements describes grass tetany?
It is also known as hypomagnesemia and causes muscle rigidity
T or F: Macrominerals are required in relatively large amounts in the diet and are usually expressed in PPM or mg/kg
False
Vitamin A
- it is also called the “sunshine vitamin”
- plays a major role in vision
- it is often found in yellow and orange produce, like carrots
Regarding energy concentrates
Cereal grains are a common source because they are high in starch
Vitamin K
Is necessary for normal blood clotting
Regarding B vitamins
-riboflavin is one
- they often have nervous system or metabolic functions
- rumen micro flora can make many of them
Which of the following is a trace mineral
Zinc
Vitamins
Are necessary in small amounts in the diet
T or F: per the USDA, removal of unconsumed food (meat for example) must occur within 24 hours from presentation of the food
False
Which of the following statements is true regarding Choline?
It is a water-soluble vitamin and is needed in relatively large amounts
Regarding water soluble vitamins
- generally, no body storage, except vitamin b12
- consist of mostly B and C vitamins
- relatively non-toxic
Regarding minerals in the diet
- excess can lead to stone formation in the digestive tract
- excess can lead to crystal or stone formation in the urinary tract
- geographic variation in where food is grown can cause changes in content
Regarding vitamin E
- it is a fat-soluble vitamin
- it is often linked with a mineral, Selenium
- alpha-tocopherol is another name for the active form of this vitamin
Which of the following is not a cause of metabolic bone disease?
Loss of calcium during lactation
T or F: When a diet is analyzed, the ash content is determined by incinerating a food sample at high temperature, leaving only minerals
True
Treatment and prevention for Iron Storage Disease
- includes repeated phlebotomy, since the body has no natural way to get rid of excess iron
- includes giving a drug to bind to the iron, called chelation, and kidneys excrete this
- includes changing the diet to stop the process
Appropriate calcium to phosphorus ratio in the diet is
2:1
Potassium is
- also called an electrolyte
- imperative for the body to function on a cellular level
If stored or prepared improperly, food can break down via
- oxidation
- desiccation or water loss
- leaching of nutrients into fluids
NSHP, nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, refers to
- a problem that is secondary to (caused by) improper nutrition
- a problem where the parathyroid glands secrete elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) to pull calcium out of the bones and into the blood
T or F: feeding standards are based on individuals, not a population, and consider all variables that may alter nutrient needs and utilization
False
T or F: some trace minerals can vary geographically in the soil, and thus in the crops fed to animals
True
Regarding the toxicity of vitamins
Vitamins A and D can be toxic if given in access
The following vitamins are fat soluble
Vitamin D
How can animals get access to toxic substances?
- toxic plants can be in or around the animals environment
- toxic substance can be in the animals feed
- toxic substances can be in water
Regarding Vitamin C
Needs to be given in the diet of primates and bats
T or F: the point at which an animal reaches its energy demand or caloric density is a fixed point and does not depend on age, species, or productive function.
False
Which of the following statements about intoxication is false?
Exposure means intoxication
Which of the following are ways to assess the nutritional status of an animal?
- physical examination
- nutritional history
- tissue analysis
Which of the following is an example of Biomagnification?
Mercury in fish
Regarding forage and roughage
- roughage tends to have a high fiber content
- rapid drying is important for the proper harvesting and storage of forage
- mineral content is variable
Regarding minerals
- the group can be divided into macrominerals and microminerals (also called trace minerals)
- the most abundant ones in the body are calcium and phosphorus
- Magnesium is important for normal muscle function
Metabolic Bone Disease (MBD) syndrome includes
Rickets: this usually refers to young growing bones
T or F: Hunger and appetite are two different terms. Hunger is triggered by a physiological need whereas appetite is triggered by a desire to repeat a pleasant experience.
True
