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Nutriton Exam 2 > Nutrition-exam 2- Metabolism > Flashcards

Nutrition-exam 2- Metabolism Flashcards

0
Q

Catabolism

A

Break down (releases energy)

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1
Q

Metabolism

A

Chemical reactions necessary to maintain life

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2
Q

Anabolism

A

Synthesis (requires energy)

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3
Q

Coenzyme

A

Help enzymes work

Ex: NAD “nicotinamide” (niacin B3) and FAD”flavin adenine dinucleotide” (riboflavin B2)

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4
Q

Glycolysis

A

⋅ occurs in the cytoplasm
⋅ anaerobic - doesn’t require O2

Energy investment steps:
2 ATP and a glucose molecule, each ATP loses a phosphate turns into ADP ( from tri- to di-) then it is able to divide and you get two G3P
Energy harvesting steps:
Some stuff happens and 4 ATPs are produced, making the net gain 2 ATP
And the final product of 2 pyruvates

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5
Q

Krebs cycle

A

⋅occurs in the mitochondria
⋅aerobic - in presence of oxygen

After glycolysis: The 2 pyruvates bind with coenzyme A by releasing one carbon each to produce two carbon dioxides. You now have 2 Acetyl Co A which goes into the Krebs cycle

2 Acetyl CoA bind with oxaloacetate producing citric acid ( 6 carbon). Coenzyme NAD and FAD turn into NADH and FADH

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6
Q

Electron transport chain

A

⋅occurs in the mitochondria
⋅ requires oxygen

H+, Electron, NADH, FADH are continuously transported in and out of the cell membrane to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane. Oxygen (the last acceptor in the ETC) accepts the electrons with hydrogens to form H2O

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7
Q

What happens when oxygen us not present or there is not enough to go through the Krebs cycle?

A

Lactic acid (for humans) or alcohol fermentation takes place

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8
Q

What is the effect of lactic acid formation?

A

Muscle pain and fatigue

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9
Q

Cori cycle

A

Removes lactic acid fermentation accumulation from muscles. Lactic acid is recycled by the liver and turned back into glucose

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10
Q

Which carbon chain can the body convert back into glucose?

A

3 carbon components

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11
Q

What will happen to 2 carbon components?

A

2carbon components will either go into the Krebs cycle or Fatty Acid synthesis if the body doesn’t need energy.

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12
Q

What happens to fatty acids after absorption?(fat metabolism)

A

Beta oxidation - the breakdown of fatty acids into 2 carbon fragments

Remrber: fatty acids are long chains of carbon with a glycerol (3 carbon) backbone

Keeps breaking off 2 carbons at a time. The 2 carbon fragments then go into the Krebs cycle. The glycerol backbone is the only part that can be turned into glucose.

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13
Q

Why is high fat /low carb diet bad for you?

A

Fat metabolism is very inefficient because the only part that can be turned into glucose is the glycerol backbone. Glucose is needed for brain and nervous system. Carbs give you much more glucose

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14
Q

Amino acid metabolism

A

Deamination
⋅ removal of amine group
⋅formation of keto acid and ammonia

Transamination
⋅transfer of the amino group from an amino acid to a keto acid
⋅which is important for synthesis of non essential amino acid

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15
Q

No oxaloacetate means

A

acetyl CoA can’t bind with anything, Krebs cycle slows down

16
Q

Ketones

A

Ketones are produced under severe carbohydrate deficiency b/c glucose is needed for the brain

If oxaloacetate is converted to glucose and breaking down of proteins and fats are not sufficient for glucose levels then ketosis occurs.

The production of Ketones suppress the appetite, metabolism slows down, blood pH decreases and blood thickens

17
Q

Alcohol

A

Ethanol : CH3CH2OH

Alcohol is hydrophobic… It dissolves phospholipids in cell membrane and also disrupts proteins killing cell organelles

18
Q

What is alcohol proof?

A

Half the number is the percentage

200 proof = 100% ethanol
190 proof= 95% ethanol

19
Q

Alcohol metabolism

A

⋅Approximately 20% of absorption occurs in the stomach w/ alcohol dehydrogenase
⋅the rest gets absorbed in the intestines by “priority treatment” b/c body knows it is toxic

20
Q

Alcohol metabolism and the Liver

A

Once alcohol is absorbed it goes to the hepatic portal vein to the liver. The liver focuses on alcohol so other processes won’t occur. This results in accumulation of fatty acids

The liver is the only organ that can produce the enzymes needed to metabolize alcohol at a quick enough to keep up

21
Q

Oxidation of alcohol creates….

A

A considerable decrease in NAD
(NAD us focused in the liver and cannot go anywhere else)And decreases metabolic processes

NADH Accumulates so the Krebs cycle stops and acetyl CoA goes to fatty acid synthesis which is why alcohol abuse is associated with fatty liver

22
Q

What is associated with vitamin B6 deficiency

A

Acetyl dehydration - leashes vitamin B6 from the muscle

23
Q

Fibrosis

A

Formation of scar tissue on the liver

Reversible (liver can regenerate itself if the drinking stops and liver is allowed time to heal)

24
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Irreversible

Hardened scar tissue of the liver

25
Q

How much is one drink of wine?

A

5 ounces

26
Q

How much is one drink of wine cooler?

A

10 ounces

27
Q

How much is one drink of beer?

A

12 ounces

28
Q

How much is one drink of 80 proof liquor?

A

1.5 ounces

29
Q

What are two ways to determine how drunk someone is?

A

Breathalyzer and urine analysis

Both of these are proportional to the percentage in blood

30
Q

Effects of alcohol on the brain

A

Narcotic and depressant

Affects the....
 frontal lobe (poor judgement, speech, vision) 
 Cerebellum (control of vocabulary, muscles, contributed to delayed response)
 Brain stem (breathing, heart rate, ADH)
31
Q

True/false

There is no difference between how a man and female metabolize alcohol.

A

False

Genetically women produce less alcohol dehydrogenase

32
Q

Effects of alcohol on the digestive tract

A

Stomach/esophagus
Alcohol triggers over secretion of stomach acid and histamine which leads to increased irritation of linings, ulcer formation.

Intestine
Alcohol competes with B1 (thiamine) absorption. Interferes with B12 (folate) absorption and folates action to convert homocysteine to methionin

33
Q

What happens when a mucous membrane is continuously exposed to alcohol?

A

It dries out

Baddddd leads to CANCER

34
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

Severe B1 deficiency caused by alcohol abuse.

35
Q

Effects of alcohol long term

A

Competes with vitamin A (vision) b/c off conversion of ethanol into acetaldehyde

Directly deteriorates cardiac muscle

BP ^

Cancer: mouth, throat, esophagus (esp. True when combined with smoking) rectum, lungs

36
Q

Why is the risk cancer greater when drinking is combined with smoking?

A

Mucous membrane is dried out. Mucous membrane helps move germs and prevent attachment

37
Q

Liver chirosis

A

BV hardens in liver and affects BP increases BP, things quickly go downhill

Nutriton Exam 2 (5 decks)

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