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Nutriton Exam 2 > Nurtition-exam 2- Body Fluids and Major Materials > Flashcards

Nurtition-exam 2- Body Fluids and Major Materials Flashcards

0
Q

Most of water is in….

A

Lean muscle/ tissue about 75% water

Less lean tissue=less water

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1
Q

Who generally has a lower percentage of water in their body?

A

Females, obese people and elderly

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2
Q

Ion

A

Charged atom

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3
Q

Extracellular

A

Outside cell

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4
Q

Interstitial

A

Between cell

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5
Q

Intracellular

A

Inside cells

Aka: same as intercellular

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6
Q

Thirst mechanism :high salt concentration

A

10% decrease in blood plasma volume . 1-2% increase in blood plasma particle

Pituitary in the hypothalamus controls water retention by releasing ADH (vasopressin) which triggers the kidney to reabsorb water

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7
Q

Thirst response lacks behind the body’s need for water

A

Even when your body needs water you won’t feel thirsty until later. Once you are thirsty you already in need of water importance of drinking H2O even when you don’t want to

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8
Q

How the body Regulates blood volume with the kidneys.

A

The kidneys respond to reduced blood flow releasing the enzymes renin.

Renin initiates the activation of the protein angiostensin.

Angiostensin signals the adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone. Angiostensin causes the blood vessels to constrict raising blood pressure.

Aldosterone and ADH signals the kidneys to retain sodium and water, respectively, thus increasing blood volume

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9
Q

How the body Regulates blood volume by the brain.

A

The hypothalamus responding to high salt concentration in the blood by stimulating the pituitary gland.

The pituitary gland releases Antidiuretic hormone.

Aldosterone and ADH signals the kidneys to retain sodium water, respectively, thus increasing blood volume.

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10
Q

Water losses

A

Obligatory water loss:

Urine, vapor from lungs, sweat from skin, loss in feces

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11
Q

Dehydration

A

Excessive water loss

Causes: Too little intake, diarrhea, vomiting

S/S :
Thirst, weakness, delirium, exhaustion

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12
Q

Water intoxicated

A

Excessive with water intake or kidney disorders

Hyponatremia - endurance athletes

S/S : confusion, Convulsions, death

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13
Q

Recommendation for fluid intake

A

1 to 1.5 liter per hour

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14
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water

High to low water concentration

  • a selectively permeable membrane is required
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15
Q

Cation

A

Positive ion

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16
Q

Anion

A

Negative ion

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17
Q

Electrolytes

A

Salts that break apart in water and conduct electricity

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18
Q

Acidosis

A

Blood pH below 7.35

Depresses the nervous system: coma death

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19
Q

Alkalosis

A

Blood pH above 7.45

Over excites the nervous system: nervousness, Convulsions

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20
Q

Bicarbonate buffer system (chemical process)

A

Acid base balance

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a volatile gas the quickly dissolves in H2O forming carbonic acid (H2CO3).

Carbonic acid readily dissociation to a hydrogen ion (H+) and a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

Two main keys: carbonic acid, bicarbonate ion

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21
Q

Bicarbonate buffer system function

A

Regulars by the lungs
• too much carbonic acid: respiration rate increase (expel more carbon which means less carbonic acid is produced)
• CO2 exhales increase, less carbonic acid formed, less H+

Regulation in the kidneys
(Complex. Requires different electrolytes and metabolic means)
• reabsorbing or excreting bicarbonate: complex regulation
• the body’s total acid remains constant, acidity of urine fluctuates

22
Q

Sodium roles

A

Humans tend to like sweet and salty and stay away from bitter and sour.

Enhances other flavors, suppressing bitter flavors

Muscle concentration, nerve transmission, regulations of extracellular volume.

23
Q

Sodium deficiencies

A

Deficiencies are very unlikely b/c
Body adapts by reducing sodium loss

S/S:
Nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion, lethargy, fatigue, loss of appetite, irritability, muscles weakness, cramps, seizures, coma

24
Q

Sodium toxicity

A

Edema and hypertension

25
Q

Sodium sources

A

The more processed foods are the higher the sodium

Preservatives - Na benzoate will be broken down into NA plus benzoin acid in your body.

Table salt

26
Q

Chloride roles

A

Part of HCl - stomach acid

Major anion of the extracellular fluid

27
Q

Chloride deficiency

A

Very rare (chloride found in table salt)

Causes: heavy sweating, chronic diarrhea, and vomiting

28
Q

Chloride toxicity

A

S/S : vomiting

29
Q

Chloride sources

A

Table salt and processed food

30
Q

Potassium role

A

Principle intracellular cation

Muscle contraction and nerves

31
Q

Potassium deficiency

A

Muscle weakness and arrhythmias

Hypertension

32
Q

Sodium and potassium connection

A

Sodium and potassium work together but in opposite directions

Low potassium will mean high sodium

33
Q

Potassium toxicity

A

Rare, level has not been set

S/S
Weakness, vomiting, cardiac arrest (esp. If injected straight into the heart, will kill someone)

34
Q

Potassium sources

A

Fruits, vegetables, meats, beans, milk

35
Q

Calcium general knowledge

A

Most abundant mineral in body
• 99% in the bones and teeth: rigid frame and acts as “calcium bank”
•1% in the body fluids

Aids in blood clotting, bone growth, muscle contraction

36
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

Crystals of calcium salts on the collagen matrix

Mineralization: crystals become denser, gives rigidity and strength to the mature bones

37
Q

Calcium role in muscle contraction

A

Thick and thin filaments in the muscle myofibril will overlap to shorten during constriction. This is done with the help of calcium

38
Q

Calcium absorption

A

Average person will absorb 30% of their calcium intake

Acidity favors absorption (see calcium added to OJ)

Vitamin D helps made calcium vining proteins

Synthesis of calcium - binding protein increases when calcium is needed (like for pregnancy)

39
Q

Factors the inhibit absorption

A

Vitamin D deficiency

Fibers, phytic acid and oxalate

40
Q

Calcium deficiency

A

Slow growth, bone loss, tetany (intermittent muscle spasms)

Obesity

41
Q

Calcium toxicity

A

S/S :

Constipation, kidney stones, rigor (hard/stiff muscles)

42
Q

Calcium balance

A

Parathyroid hormone: from the bones to the blood

Calcitonin: from blood to the bones

43
Q

Calcium and the parathyroid hormone

A

(From the bones to the blood)

When blood ca is low

Activation of vitamin D: increase Ca absorption in the intestine

Stimulate Ca re-absorption in the kidneys

Stimulate osteoclasts to break down bone

44
Q

Calcium and calcitonin

A

(From blood to bones)

When blood calcium is high

Inhibits activation of vitamin D

Limits calcium absorption in the kidneys

Inhibit osteoclasts from breaking down bone

45
Q

Blood calcium remains normal, even when bone calcium diminishes

A

True. Especially when older you’ll see problems with brittle bones

46
Q

Calcium sources

A

1 milks product

Vegetables: mustard and turnip greens, bok Choy, kale, parsley, watercress broccoli

Spinach: calcium
Binders (prevents absorption)

Ca-fortified foods: cereals and juices

47
Q

Calcium bioavailability

A

How usable the calcium is absorbable

48
Q

Phosphorous roles

A

ATP, DNA/RNA (sugar phosphate backbone-linkage), phospholipids- cell membrane ,

Hydroxyapatite: bones and teeth

Phosphate buffer system

49
Q

Phosphorous deficiency

A

Rare

Weakness and bone pain - usually proceeded by protein deficiency

50
Q

Phosphorous toxicity

A

Excretion of calcium - inconclusive

51
Q

Phosphorous sources

A

Protein rich foods: meat and beans

Milk and milk products: 25% in the U.S. Diet

52
Q

Magnesium roles

A

1 ounce in a 130 pound person

Bones ( over 50%), tooth enamel

Aids in energy metabolism: catalyst and enzyme cofactors

53
Q

Magnesium deficiency

A

Intakes fall below RDA, in us

Rare ( alcohol abuse, protein malnutrition, kidney disorders

Nutriton Exam 2 (5 decks)

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