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Nutrition Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the preferred energy source for nerve cells?

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

What is a straight chain of glucose?

A

Amylose

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3
Q

Glucose molecules linked by beta bonds that are largely indigestible?
Another word for them?

A

Resistant Starch

Fiber

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4
Q

Storage form of glucose for animals (humans)

A

Glycogen

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5
Q

What is the name of the thing that is extracted from plants or manufactured in a laboratory that have known health benefits?

A

Functional fibers

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6
Q

Soluble fibers are __________ and digested by intestinal bacteria.

A

Fermentable

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7
Q

What is great fuel for flora in the large intestine?

A

Soluble fibers

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8
Q

Having a regular consumption of this can reduce risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, what is it?

A

Soluble fibers

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9
Q

What are 3 examples of soluble fibers?

A

Gum, pectin, and mucilage

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10
Q

Where are soluble fibers found in?

A

Citrus fruits, berries, oats, and beans

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11
Q

What are the differences between soluble and insoluble fibers?

A

Insoluble fibers cannot be fermented by the bacteria in your colon soluble fibers are fermentable
Insoluble fibers cannot dissolve in water like soluble fibers can

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12
Q

What are examples of Insoluble fibers?

A

Lignins, cellulose, and hemicelluloses

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13
Q

What are good sources of Insoluble fibers?

A

Whole grains, seeds, legumes, fruits, and vegetables

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14
Q

What is the digestion that breaks down most carbohydrates into monosaccharides?

A

Amylase

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15
Q

Why do things get sweeter in our mouths?

A

Because of the salivary amylase beginning to break starches down to maltose in the mouth.

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16
Q

Is there carbohydrate digestion that occur in our stomach? Why or why not?

A

No because the stomach acids inactivate salivary amylase.

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17
Q

Glucose and galactose are absorbed via ___________ ?

A

Active Transport

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18
Q

Fructose is absorbed via_________? And it is a part of what process?

A

Facilitated diffusion

Transport

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19
Q

what is facilitated diffusions described as?

A

A slower absorption

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20
Q

Maintains blood sugar levels between meals

A

Glucose

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21
Q

When bacteria in the large intestines break down food, what is produced?

A

Gases and short-chain fatty. acids

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22
Q

What is the process of bacteria breaking down food in the large intestines?

A

Fermentation

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23
Q

Fructose does not stimulate the release of _________.

A

Insulin

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24
Q

What is secreted by alpha cells of the pancreas

A

Glucagon

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25
What stimulates the liver to break down glucose?
Glucogon
26
Foods with a _____ glycemic index cause a sudden surge in blood glucose that triggers a large increase in insulin which may be followed by a dramatic fall in blood glucose.
High
27
True or False Foods with a low glycemic index cause low to moderate fluctuations in blood glucose.
True
28
Higher fiber foods help to regulate blood glucose on a __________?
Low glycemic index
29
Foods with lower glycemic index/load:
Legumes, fresh vegetables, and whole wheat.
30
Occurs when carbohydrate. intake is too low to supply glucose to the brain
Ketosis
31
Three types of lipids are found in foods and in body cells and tissues?
Triglycerides Phospholipids Sterols
32
Triglycerides consist of what 2 things?
One glycerol molecule Three fatty acid molecules
33
Transfats are similar to _______ fats and are bad for ________?
saturated blood vessels
34
Which fatty acids have more than one double bond?
Polyunsaturated
35
Which fatty acids are solid at room temperature?
Saturated fatty acids
36
What are high in saturated fatty acids?
Animal fats, butter, and lard
37
What cannot be made by the body and must be obtained from food?
Essential fatty acids
38
What kind of acid is eicosanoids?
Fatty acid
39
Precursors to eicosanoids which regulate cell function
40
What type of fatty acids are EPA and DHA?
Omega 3 fatty acids
41
Where can a lot of fatty acids be found?
In fish
42
What is soluble in water?
Phospholipids
43
The of lipids used to make sex hormones, Vitamin D, and bile.
Sterols
44
What captures lipid digestion products and transports them to enterocyte for absorption?
Micelles
45
Thick deposits of foam cells, platelets, calcium.
Plaque Formation
46
What fatty acids lower inflammation?
Omega 3 fatty acids
47
Blood lipids include a. b. c. d.
Chylomicrons VLDL LDL HDL
48
chylomicrons?
Present only after a meal
49
VLDL
Very low density lipoproteins
50
LDL
Low density lipoproteins
51
HDL
High density lipoproteins
52
What is dictated by genetic material (DNA)
Proteins
53
Transfer amine group from an essential amino acid to a different acid group and side chain R-group
Transamination
54
Produce nonessential amino acids
transamination
55
What type of amino acids can be synthesized by liver and is nonessential?
Transamination
56
What kind of bonds join amino acids together to for what four tides?
Peptide bonds Dipeptides tripeptides oligopeptides polypeptides
57
What process is this: Existing proteins are degraded to provide the building blocks for new proteins?
Protein takeover
58
Includes amino acids from food and cellular breakdown
Amino acid pool
59
How are proteins denatured?
Uncoil and lose their shape when exposed to head, acid, base, heavy metal, and alcohol.
60
What enzyme begins breakdown of proteins into short polypeptides and amino acids?
Pepsin
61
What is the pancreatic enzyme?
Proteases
62
What are the tree names of the pancreatic enzymes enzyme protease that complete protein digestion?
Trypsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase
63
What method for estimating protein quality uses a reference food item?
Chemical score
64
Comparison of the amount of the limiting amino acid in a food to the amount in a reference food
Chemical score
65
Grossly inadequate energy, protein, and nutrient intake that has a depressed metabolism and low body temp and fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
Marasmus
66
Disease resulting from low protein intake symptoms: weight loss muscles wasting slower growth/development
Kwashiorkor
67
What is the RDA for carbohydrates?
130 grams per day
68
What nutrient/mineral do people with lactose intolerance need to find alternative sources for?
Calcium

Nutrition (4 decks)

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