Nutrition, Diet & Body Weight

Question 1

Name the four types of metabolism provided by the body

Answer 1

Detoxification
Biosynthetic Pathways
Oxidative Pathways
Fuel storage and Mobilisation Pathways

Question 2

What is the function of the oxidative metabolic pathway?

Answer 2

To convert food into energy

Question 3

What is the function of the fuel storage and mobilisation pathways?

Answer 3

To store fat and glycogen in the liver and in muscle and allow mobilisation of these stores when demand increases

Question 4

What is the function of the biosynthesis pathway?

Answer 4

To produce basic building blocks for cells

Question 5

What is the function of the detoxification pathways?

Answer 5

To remove toxins for excretion

Question 6

What is mean by catabolic processes?

Answer 6

The break down of molecules to RELEASE energy in the form of reducing power

Question 7

What are anabolic processes?

Answer 7

Processes that USE energy and raw materials to make larger molecules for growth and maintenance

Question 8

The commonly used term “calorie” has what actual value?

Answer 8

1000 calories (1Kcal)

Question 9

How much energy in kilojoules does 1 kilocalorie have?

Answer 9

1kcal= 4.2 kJ

Question 10

What is starch? How would you describe the structure of starch?

Answer 10

“Carbohydrate storage in plants”

A polysaccharide of glucose linked by alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds

Question 11

What is sucrose? What is it made up of?

Answer 11

“Table sugar”

A disaccharide made up of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE

Question 12

What is Lactose? What is it made up of?

Answer 12

“Milk sugar”

A disaccharide made up of GALACTOSE and GLUCOSE

Question 13

What is Fructose?

What is the structure of Fructose?

Answer 13

“Fruit sugar”

A monosaccharide

Question 14

Describe the structure of glucose

Answer 14

Glucose is a 6 carbon monosaccharide

Question 15

What is maltose made up of?

Answer 15

Maltose is a disaccharide of glucose + glucose

Question 16

What is glycogen?

What is the structure of glycogen?

Answer 16

The major source of glucose in the human body

A polysaccharide of glucose linked by mostly alpha1-4 glycosidic bonds

Question 17

What is Cellulose?

Describe the structure of cellulose and an important feature of it in humans

Answer 17

A dietary fibre found in cereal food
Starch is a polysaccharide of glucose linked by BETA1-4 glycosidic bonds
Humans do not produce the enzyme required to break these bonds but is important for normal function of the GI tract

Question 18

How many essential amino acids are there? Can you name them?

Answer 18

9

Isoleucine, Lysine, Threonine, Histidine, Leucine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Valine

Question 19

Which out of fat, carbohydrate and protein yields the most energy? Why?

Answer 19

Fats, because they contain much less oxygen (they are more reduced) and so yield more energy when they are oxidised

Question 20

How would you calculate Daily Energy Expenditure?

Answer 20

Basal Metabolic Rate + Diet-Induced Thermogenesis + Physical Activity Level

Question 21

What is the Basal Metabolic Rate?

Answer 21

The energy required to maintain the resting activities of the body i.e. Function of organs, maintenance of cells/body temperature/ basal muscle tone

Question 22

How do you calculate BMI?

What are the units?

Answer 22

BMI= Weight (kg) / Height (m^2)

Units are: kg/m^2

Question 23

What are the current categories of weight with their corresponding BMI values?

Answer 23

Underweight= <18.5 
Desirable Weight= 18.5- 24.9
Overweight= 25-29.9 
Obese= 30-34.9 
Severely Obese= >35

Question 24

How is distribution of body fat clinically important?

Answer 24

Having a greater proportion of fat in the upper body, especially the abdomen, compared with the hips is associated with increased risk of:
Insulin resistance, TII diabetes, Hypertension, Hyperlipidaemia, Stroke, Premature death

Question 25

Explain how malnutrition causes oedema

Answer 25

Low protein intake can result in insufficient blood protein says thesis which leads to a decrease in oncotic pressure in the capillaries, this means that fluid that leaves the capillaries and enters the interstitium is not drawn back into the capillaries and remains in the interstitial space

Question 26

What dietary reference values are used for protein, vitamins and minerals in the UK?

Answer 26

RNI (Recommended Nutrient Intake)

Question 27

What dietary reference values are used for energy in the UK?

Answer 27

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

Question 28

Intakes below the Lower Reference Nutrient Intake (LRNI) indicate what?

Answer 28

That this value is insufficient for most people, the majority need more than this amount

Question 29

In relation to the frequency distribution of requirements for Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), what does this value tell us?

Answer 29

The estimate for about 50% of the group, therefore 50% will require more than this value

Question 30

What does the Reference Nutrient Intake tell us in relation to the requirements of the group?

Answer 30

RNI tells us what value is enough to ensure that 97.5% of the groups needs are being met
I.e. Many within the group will need less