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MEH > Nutrition, Diet + Body Weight > Flashcards

Nutrition, Diet + Body Weight Flashcards

1
Q

What is energy?

A

The capacity to do work

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2
Q

Define metabolism

A

The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

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3
Q

What are the 4 metabolic pathways?

A
  • oxidative - convert food into energy
  • detoxification- removes toxins
  • biosynthetic - produce basic building blocks for cells
  • fuel storage +mobilisation pathways - ability to store excess fuel + mobilise the stores when needed
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4
Q

Compare and contrast exergonic + endergonic reactions

A

Exergonic - releases energy G<0
Endergonic - take energy in G>0

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5
Q

What are the 5 cellular processes which require energy to work?

A

biosynthetic work
transport work
mechanical work - muscles
electrical work - nerves
osmotic work - kidney

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6
Q

What do cells use to drive energy-requiring processes?

A

Chemical bond energy

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7
Q

What is 1 kcal?

A

Amount of energy needed to raise temp. Of 1 kg of water by 1°C

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8
Q

Energy in 1kcal

A

1kcal = 4.2Kj

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9
Q

What are 7 nutrients?

A

Macronutrients:
- carbs
- proteins
- fats

Micronutrients
- minerals
- vitamins
- water
- fibre > lowers cholesterol

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10
Q

General formulation for carbs

A

(CH2O)n

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11
Q

What are 9 essential amino acids?

A

If Learned This Huge List May Prove Truly Valuable

Isoleucine
Lysine
Threonine
Histidine
Leucine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Valine

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12
Q

What is an essential amino acid?

A

Can’t be synthesis
Must be obtained from diet

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13
Q

What amino acids are conditionally essential?

A

Children + pregnant women - Arginine, tyrosine, cysteine

Tyrosine - when phenylalanine levels are low
Cysteine - when methionine levels are low

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14
Q

Why do vegetarians and vegans need a ranged diet?

A

Plant proteins are ‘low quality’ as they are deficient in essential amino acids
Ranged diet means essential amino acids aren’t missed

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15
Q

Requirements of routine maintenance (IV fluids)

A

Na+, K+, Cl-: 1mmol/kg/day
Water: 30ml/kg/day

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16
Q

How much fibre is needed a day?
Where is it found?

A

18g/day
e.g. bread, beans, fruit + veg

17
Q

What does fibre help prevent?

A

Constipation - something solid for bowels to push agaisnt
Bowel cancer - toxic waste removed faster
High cholesterol
Diabetes risk - slows sugar absorption

18
Q

What is the daily energy expenditure the sum of?

A

BMR
Diet induced thermogenesis
Physical activity level

19
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate?

A

Energy needed to keep your body alive at rest

20
Q

Factors affecting BMR

A

Body size
Gender
Environment temperature
Endocrine status
Body temp

21
Q

What is the daily energy expenditure with moderate physical activity of a 70kg male vs 58kg female?

A

Male - 12,000kJ/day
Female - 9,500kJ/day

22
Q

How to calculate BMI

A

Weight (kg)/height^2(m)

23
Q

What are the classifications of BMI?

A

underweight <18.5
desirable weight 18.5-24.9
overweight 25-29.9
obese 30-34.9
severely obese >35

24
Q

What is Kwashiorkor disease?

A

Low plasma protein > low plasma oncotic pressure + severe oedema
Fatty liver due to lack of lipid transport molecules

25
Q

Symptoms of Kwashiorkor

A

Oedema
Sparse hair
Moon face
Swollen abdomen

26
Q

What is Marasmus?

A

Due to insufficient energy intake
Multiple nutritional deficiencies

27
Q

Signs + symptoms of marasmus

A

Wasted appearance
Bradycardia
Hypotension
Anaemia

28
Q

What should you re feed at?

A

5-10kcal/kg/day gradually over a week

29
Q

Differentiate between marasmus + kwashiorkor in terms of:
- calorie intake
- protein intake
- oedema
- appearance

A

marasmus:
- calorie intake: inadequate
- protein intake: inadequate
- oedema: absent
- appearance: thin bony child
.
kwarshiorkor:
- calorie intake: poor-normal
- protein intake: inadequate
- oedema: present
- appearance: thin child with pot belly

30
Q

What can re-feeding syndrome cause?

A

Confusion
Coma
Convulsion
Death
Due to electrolyte imbalance

MEH (23 decks)

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